{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T14:47:27Z","timestamp":1787496447269,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Congenital heart disease (CHD) and prematurity are the leading causes of infant mortality in the United States. Importantly, the combination of prematurity and CHD results in a further increased risk of mortality and significant morbidity. The key factors in these adverse outcomes are not well understood, but likely include maternal-fetal environment, perinatal and neonatal elements, and challenging postnatal care. Preterm neonates with CHD are born with \u201cdouble jeopardy\u201d: not only do they experience challenges related to immaturity of the lungs, brain, and other organs, but they also must undergo treatment for cardiac disease. The role of the neonatologist caring for preterm infants with CHD has changed with the evolution of the field of pediatric cardiac critical care. Increasingly, neonatologists invested in the cardiovascular care of the newborn with CHD engage at multiple stages in their course, including fetal consultation, delivery room management, preoperative care, and postoperative treatment. A more comprehensive understanding of prematurity and CHD may inform clinical practice and ultimately improve outcomes in preterm infants with CHD. In this review, we discuss the current evidence surrounding neonatal and cardiac outcomes in preterm infants with CHD; examine the prenatal, perinatal, and postnatal factors recognized to influence these outcomes; identify knowledge gaps; consider research and clinical opportunities; and highlight the ways in which a neonatologist can contribute to the care of preterm infants with CHD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1542\/neo.23-6-e373","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,31]],"date-time":"2022-05-31T23:04:28Z","timestamp":1654038268000},"page":"e373-e387","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Rethinking Congenital Heart Disease in Preterm Neonates"],"prefix":"10.1542","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Philip T.","family":"Levy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"*Division of Newborn Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alyssa R.","family":"Thomas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"*Division of Newborn Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashley","family":"Wethall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u2020Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danielle","family":"Perez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u2021Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martina","family":"Steurer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u2021Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA"},{"name":"\u00b6Department of 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