{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T19:36:39Z","timestamp":1792697799590,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":110,"publisher":"American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)","issue":"7","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Congenital heart disease (CHD) is the most commonly reported birth defect in newborns. Neonates with CHD are more likely to be born prematurely, and a higher proportion of preterm neonates have CHD than their term counterparts. The implications of preterm birth on the cardiac and noncardiac organ systems are vast and require special management considerations. The feasibility of surgical interventions in preterm neonates is frequently limited by patient size and delicacy of immature cardiac tissues. Thus, special care must be taken when considering the appropriate timing and type of cardiac intervention. Despite improvements in neonatal cardiac surgical outcomes, preterm and early term gestational ages and low birthweight remain important risk factors for in-hospital mortality. Understanding the risks of early delivery of neonates with prenatally diagnosed CHD may help guide perioperative management in neonates who are born preterm. In this review, we will describe the risks and benefits of early delivery, postnatal cardiac and noncardiac evaluation and management, surgical considerations, overall outcomes, and future directions regarding optimization of perinatal evaluation and management of fetuses and preterm and early term neonates with CHD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1542\/neo.23-7-e472","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,1]],"date-time":"2022-07-01T03:05:01Z","timestamp":1656644701000},"page":"e472-e485","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Prematurity and Congenital Heart Disease: A Contemporary Review"],"prefix":"10.1542","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Reshma K.","family":"Reddy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"*Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deani H.","family":"McVadon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"*Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sinai C.","family":"Zyblewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"*Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taufiek K.","family":"Rajab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u2020Division of Pediatric Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ellen","family":"Diego","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u2021Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"W. Michael","family":"Southgate","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u2021Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristi L.","family":"Fogg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u00a7Department of Food and Nutrition, Sodexo, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John M.","family":"Costello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"*Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"417","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022070103043007600_B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2017.07.015","article-title":"Surgical interventions in infants born preterm with congenital heart defects: an analysis of the Kids\u2019 Inpatient Database","volume":"191","author":"Desai","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"issue":"5","key":"2022070103043007600_B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1502","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2012-3435","article-title":"Temporal trends in survival among infants with critical congenital heart defects","volume":"131","author":"Oster","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"2","key":"2022070103043007600_B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1007\/s10995-008-0348-y","article-title":"The association between major birth defects and preterm birth","volume":"13","author":"Honein","year":"2009","journal-title":"Matern Child Health J"},{"issue":"18","key":"2022070103043007600_B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2463","DOI":"10.1080\/14767058.2017.1344963","article-title":"US trends in abortion and preterm birth","volume":"31","author":"Magro Malosso","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med"},{"key":"2022070103043007600_B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2020.09.059","article-title":"Congenital heart defects and the risk of spontaneous preterm birth","volume":"229","author":"Matthiesen","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"2022070103043007600_B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S367","DOI":"10.1097\/PCC.0000000000000832","article-title":"Comorbid conditions in neonates with congenital heart disease","volume":"17","author":"Krishnamurthy","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pediatr Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"21","key":"2022070103043007600_B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2011.08.025","article-title":"Birth prevalence of congenital heart disease worldwide: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"58","author":"van der Linde","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2022070103043007600_B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e829","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2011-3279","article-title":"Preterm birth and congenital heart defects: a population-based study","volume":"130","author":"Laas","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"1","key":"2022070103043007600_B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-017-0875-z","article-title":"Impact of preterm birth on infant mortality for newborns with congenital heart defects: The EPICARD population-based cohort study","volume":"17","author":"Laas","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Pediatr"},{"key":"2022070103043007600_B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2016.10.033","article-title":"Congenital heart disease in premature infants 25-32 weeks\u2019 gestational age","volume":"181","author":"Chu","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"2022070103043007600_B11","volume-title":"Fanaroff and Martin\u2019s Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, 2-volume set","author":"Martin","year":"2020","edition":"11th ed."},{"issue":"2","key":"2022070103043007600_B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2010-0418","article-title":"Distribution of and mortality from serious congenital heart disease in very low birth weight infants","volume":"127","author":"Archer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"2","key":"2022070103043007600_B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2009-3640","article-title":"Birth before 39 weeks\u2019 gestation is associated with worse outcomes in neonates with heart disease","volume":"126","author":"Costello","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"6","key":"2022070103043007600_B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e833","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2005-0397","article-title":"Cardiovascular malformations among preterm infants","volume":"116","author":"Tanner","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"1","key":"2022070103043007600_B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1007\/s00059-010-3244-3","article-title":"Congenital heart disease in pregnancies complicated by maternal diabetes mellitus. An international clinical collaboration, literature review, and meta-analysis","volume":"35","author":"Lisowski","year":"2010","journal-title":"Herz"},{"issue":"1","key":"2022070103043007600_B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/bdra.20621","article-title":"An update on cardiovascular malformations in congenital rubella syndrome","volume":"88","author":"Oster","year":"2010","journal-title":"Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol"},{"issue":"6","key":"2022070103043007600_B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1803","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2004.12.062","article-title":"Reevaluation of the relationship between amniotic fluid volume and perinatal outcome","volume":"192","author":"Ott","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"21","key":"2022070103043007600_B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2183","DOI":"10.1161\/01.cir.0000437597.44550.5d","article-title":"Diagnosis and treatment of fetal cardiac disease: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association","volume":"129","author":"Donofrio","year":"2014","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"22","key":"2022070103043007600_B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e013194","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.119.013194","article-title":"Impaired Fetal environment and gestational age: what is driving mortality in neonates with critical congenital heart disease?","volume":"8","author":"Steurer","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc"},{"issue":"6","key":"2022070103043007600_B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1007\/s002469900497","article-title":"Hemodynamic abnormalities in fetuses with congenital heart disease","volume":"20","author":"Lutin","year":"1999","journal-title":"Pediatr Cardiol"},{"issue":"24","key":"2022070103043007600_B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2511","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.113.005864","article-title":"Gestational age at birth and outcomes after neonatal cardiac surgery: an analysis of the Society of Thoracic Surgeons Congenital Heart Surgery Database","volume":"129","author":"Costello","year":"2014","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"5","key":"2022070103043007600_B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2011.04.020","article-title":"Congenital heart disease infant death rates decrease as gestational age advances from 34 to 40 weeks","volume":"159","author":"Cnota","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"issue":"3","key":"2022070103043007600_B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e659","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2006-2486","article-title":"Mortality of late-preterm (near-term) newborns in Utah","volume":"119","author":"Young","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"2 Pt 1","key":"2022070103043007600_B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0b013e3182255999","article-title":"Timing of indicated late-preterm and early-term birth","volume":"118","author":"Spong","year":"2011","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2022070103043007600_B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e35","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000004447","article-title":"Medically indicated late-preterm and early-term deliveries: ACOG committee opinion, number 831","volume":"138","author":"American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists\u2019 Committee on Obstetric Practice, Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine","year":"2021","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2022070103043007600_B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clp.2015.11.004","article-title":"Perinatal and delivery management of infants with congenital heart disease","volume":"43","author":"Sanapo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Perinatol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2022070103043007600_B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.1002\/ccd.25009","article-title":"Catheterization-based intervention in low birth weight infants less than 2.5 kg with acute and long-term outcome","volume":"82","author":"Kobayashi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Catheter Cardiovasc Interv"},{"issue":"2","key":"2022070103043007600_B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2014.12.018","article-title":"Society for maternal-fetal medicine (SMFM) clinical guideline #7: nonimmune hydrops fetalis","volume":"212","author":"Norton","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"2022070103043007600_B29","article-title":"Ebstein\u2019s anomaly: epidemiological analysis and presentation of different prenatal management [published online ahead of print September 15, 2020]","author":"Rydzewska","journal-title":"J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"2022070103043007600_B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ihj.2017.12.005","article-title":"Prenatal diagnosis of congenital heart disease: a review of current knowledge","volume":"70","author":"Bravo-Valenzuela","year":"2018","journal-title":"Indian Heart J"},{"key":"2022070103043007600_B31","first-page":"751","article-title":"The structure of the pulmonary arterial tree in fetal and early postnatal life","volume":"10","author":"Wagenvoort","year":"1961","journal-title":"Lab Invest"},{"issue":"4","key":"2022070103043007600_B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1007\/s00247-010-1549-2","article-title":"Neonatal cardiac imaging","volume":"40","author":"Krishnamurthy","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pediatr Radiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2022070103043007600_B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1455","DOI":"10.1007\/s10554-020-02118-7","article-title":"Evaluation of complex congenital heart disease in infants using low dose cardiac computed tomography","volume":"37","author":"Dodge-Khatami","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Cardiovasc Imaging"},{"issue":"2","key":"2022070103043007600_B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1177\/2150135116683929","article-title":"Preoperative use of CT angiography in infants with coarctation of the aorta","volume":"8","author":"Rose-Felker","year":"2017","journal-title":"World J Pediatr Congenit Heart Surg"},{"issue":"3","key":"2022070103043007600_B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1007\/s00246-012-0486-2","article-title":"Effective radiation dose in computed tomographic angiography of the chest and diagnostic cardiac catheterization in pediatric patients","volume":"34","author":"Watson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pediatr Cardiol"},{"issue":"12","key":"2022070103043007600_B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2365","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-016-3444-z","article-title":"Renal outcome in children born preterm with neonatal acute renal failure: IRENEO-a prospective controlled study","volume":"31","author":"Bruel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pediatr Nephrol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2022070103043007600_B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F86","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.2010.189142","article-title":"Functional cardiac MRI in preterm and term newborns","volume":"96","author":"Groves","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed"},{"key":"2022070103043007600_B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2020.04.013","article-title":"Interventional cardiac catheterization in neonatal age: results in a multicentre Italian experience","volume":"314","author":"Giordano","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2022070103043007600_B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"786","DOI":"10.1002\/ccd.24726","article-title":"Low weight as an independent risk factor for adverse events during cardiac catheterization of infants","volume":"82","author":"Backes","year":"2013","journal-title":"Catheter Cardiovasc Interv"},{"issue":"5","key":"2022070103043007600_B40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1017\/S1047951119000945","article-title":"Cardiac catheterisation in infants weighing less than 2500 grams","volume":"29","author":"Mostefa-Kara","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cardiol Young"},{"issue":"1","key":"2022070103043007600_B41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pedneo.2015.07.002","article-title":"Transitional hemodynamics in preterm neonates: clinical relevance","volume":"57","author":"Wu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pediatr Neonatol"},{"issue":"6","key":"2022070103043007600_B42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e100","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000004167","article-title":"Delayed umbilical cord clamping after birth: ACOG committee opinion, number 814","volume":"136","author":"American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists\u2019 Committee on Obstetric Practice","year":"2020","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"10","key":"2022070103043007600_B43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.1038\/jp.2015.89","article-title":"Early versus delayed umbilical cord clamping in infants with congenital heart disease: a pilot, randomized, controlled trial","volume":"35","author":"Backes","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Perinatol"},{"key":"2022070103043007600_B44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101318","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ppedcard.2020.101318","article-title":"Timing of umbilical cord clamping among infants with congenital heart disease","volume":"59","author":"Marzec","year":"2020","journal-title":"Prog Pediatr Cardiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2022070103043007600_B45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1007\/s00246-015-1251-0","article-title":"Long-term prostaglandin E1 infusion for newborns with critical congenital heart disease","volume":"37","author":"Aykanat","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pediatr Cardiol"},{"key":"2022070103043007600_B46","first-page":"CD011417","article-title":"Prostaglandin E1 for maintaining ductal patency in neonates with ductal-dependent cardiac lesions","volume":"2","author":"Akkinapally","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"3","key":"2022070103043007600_B47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-200X.2007.02380.x","article-title":"Side-effects of long-term prostaglandin E(1) treatment in neonates","volume":"49","author":"T\u00e1losi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pediatr Int"},{"issue":"1","key":"2022070103043007600_B48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1017\/S1047951120003297","article-title":"Low-dose prostaglandin E1 is safe and effective for critical congenital heart disease: is it time to revisit the dosing guidelines?","volume":"31","author":"Vari","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cardiol Young"},{"issue":"1","key":"2022070103043007600_B49","first-page":"CD000273","article-title":"Caffeine versus theophylline for apnea in preterm infants","author":"Henderson-Smart","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"1 Pt 1","key":"2022070103043007600_B50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e27","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.112.1.e27","article-title":"Aminophylline for the prevention of apnea during prostaglandin E1 infusion","volume":"112","author":"Lim","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2022070103043007600_B51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S58","DOI":"10.1038\/jp.2009.29","article-title":"Definition of hypotension and assessment of hemodynamics in the preterm neonate","volume":"29","author":"Cayabyab","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Perinatol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2022070103043007600_B52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F182","DOI":"10.1136\/fn.82.3.F182","article-title":"Superior vena cava flow in newborn infants: a novel marker of systemic blood flow","volume":"82","author":"Kluckow","year":"2000","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed"},{"issue":"4","key":"2022070103043007600_B53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F271","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.2007.123539","article-title":"Microvascular flow, clinical illness severity and cardiovascular function in the preterm infant","volume":"93","author":"Stark","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed"},{"issue":"3","key":"2022070103043007600_B54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1177\/2150135111408445","article-title":"Prematurity and congenital heart disease","volume":"2","author":"Costello","year":"2011","journal-title":"World J Pediatr Congenit Heart Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"2022070103043007600_B55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clp.2015.11.011","article-title":"Management of the preterm infant with congenital heart disease","volume":"43","author":"Axelrod","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Perinatol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2022070103043007600_B56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2014-3825","article-title":"Neurodevelopmental outcomes after cardiac surgery in infancy","volume":"135","author":"Gaynor","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"9","key":"2022070103043007600_B57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1143","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0b013e318265ee8a","article-title":"Neurodevelopmental outcomes in children with congenital heart disease: evaluation and management: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association","volume":"126","author":"Marino","year":"2012","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"1","key":"2022070103043007600_B58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.865568","article-title":"Brain volume and metabolism in fetuses with congenital heart disease: evaluation with quantitative magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy","volume":"121","author":"Limperopoulos","year":"2010","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"19","key":"2022070103043007600_B59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1928","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa067393","article-title":"Abnormal brain development in newborns with congenital heart disease","volume":"357","author":"Miller","year":"2007","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2022070103043007600_B60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359390","DOI":"10.1155\/2010\/359390","article-title":"Impact of congenital heart disease on brain development and neurodevelopmental outcome","volume":"2010","author":"Donofrio","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Pediatr"},{"issue":"3","key":"2022070103043007600_B61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2008.10.025","article-title":"Brain maturation is delayed in infants with complex congenital heart defects","volume":"137","author":"Licht","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg"},{"issue":"1-2","key":"2022070103043007600_B62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1747-0803.2006.00002.x","article-title":"Guidelines for the outpatient management of complex congenital heart disease","volume":"1","author":"Wernovsky","year":"2006","journal-title":"Congenit Heart Dis"},{"key":"2022070103043007600_B63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pedn.2017.05.007","article-title":"Developmentally supportive care in congenital heart disease: a concept analysis","volume":"36","author":"Peterson","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Pediatr Nurs"},{"issue":"2","key":"2022070103043007600_B64","first-page":"CD001814","article-title":"Developmental care for promoting development and preventing morbidity in preterm infants","author":"Symington","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"3","key":"2022070103043007600_B65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2648.2003.02526.x","article-title":"The art of developmental care in the NICU: a concept analysis","volume":"41","author":"Aita","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Adv Nurs"},{"issue":"1","key":"2022070103043007600_B66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.4103\/1319-2442.225179","article-title":"Risk factors associated with acute kidney injury in newborns","volume":"29","author":"Ghobrial","year":"2018","journal-title":"Saudi J Kidney Dis Transpl"},{"issue":"7-8","key":"2022070103043007600_B67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2007.09.036","article-title":"Necrotizing enterocolitis in neonates with congenital heart disease","volume":"82","author":"Giannone","year":"2008","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"issue":"5","key":"2022070103043007600_B68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1080","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.106.5.1080","article-title":"Necrotizing enterocolitis in neonates with congenital heart disease: risk factors and outcomes","volume":"106","author":"McElhinney","year":"2000","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"6","key":"2022070103043007600_B69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1018","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamcollsurg.2014.11.026","article-title":"Serious congenital heart disease and necrotizing enterocolitis in very low birth weight neonates","volume":"220","author":"Fisher","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Am Coll Surg"},{"issue":"3","key":"2022070103043007600_B70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1177\/2150135118765881","article-title":"Nutrition considerations in the pediatric cardiac intensive care unit patient","volume":"9","author":"Justice","year":"2018","journal-title":"World J Pediatr Congenit Heart Surg"},{"issue":"9","key":"2022070103043007600_B71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1755","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2018.11.012","article-title":"Necrotizing enterocolitis associated with congenital heart disease: a different entity?","volume":"54","author":"Bubberman","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Pediatr Surg"},{"issue":"7","key":"2022070103043007600_B72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0034-1390349","article-title":"Necrotizing enterocolitis in infants with ductal-dependent congenital heart disease","volume":"32","author":"Becker","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Perinatol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2022070103043007600_B73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1159\/000285706","article-title":"Enteral feeding of neonates with congenital heart disease","volume":"98","author":"Natarajan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neonatology"},{"issue":"6","key":"2022070103043007600_B74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2008.04.074","article-title":"Enteral feeding in prostaglandin-dependent neonates: is it a safe practice?","volume":"153","author":"Willis","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"issue":"2","key":"2022070103043007600_B75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1017\/S1047951111001016","article-title":"Enteral feeding in neonates with prostaglandin-dependent congenital cardiac disease: international survey on current trends and variations in practice","volume":"22","author":"Howley","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cardiol Young"},{"issue":"1","key":"2022070103043007600_B76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2015.04.035","article-title":"Randomized clinical trial of preoperative feeding to evaluate intestinal barrier function in neonates requiring cardiac surgery","volume":"167","author":"Zyblewski","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"issue":"3","key":"2022070103043007600_B77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1038\/s41372-021-00928-8","article-title":"A preoperative standardized feeding protocol improves human milk use in infants with complex congenital heart disease","volume":"41","author":"Kataria-Hale","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Perinatol"},{"issue":"8","key":"2022070103043007600_B78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1593","DOI":"10.1017\/S1047951115002474","article-title":"Perioperative feeding management of neonates with CHD: analysis of the Pediatric Cardiac Critical Care Consortium (PC4) registry","volume":"25","author":"Alten","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cardiol Young"},{"issue":"6","key":"2022070103043007600_B79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1111\/chd.12390","article-title":"Perioperative feeding approaches in single ventricle infants: a survey of 46 centers","volume":"11","author":"Slicker","year":"2016","journal-title":"Congenit Heart Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"2022070103043007600_B80","first-page":"CD002972","article-title":"Formula milk versus maternal breast milk for feeding preterm or low birth weight infants","author":"Henderson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"3","key":"2022070103043007600_B81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1097\/ANC.0000000000000582","article-title":"Human milk and infants with congenital heart disease: a summary of current literature supporting the provision of human milk and breastfeeding","volume":"19","author":"Davis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv Neonatal Care"},{"key":"2022070103043007600_B82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2017.00020","article-title":"Optimizing nutrition in preterm low birth weight infants-consensus summary","volume":"4","author":"Kumar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Nutr"},{"issue":"1","key":"2022070103043007600_B83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20160050","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2016-0050","article-title":"Breast milk consumption in preterm neonates and cardiac shape in adulthood","volume":"138","author":"Lewandowski","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2022070103043007600_B84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2019.08.009","article-title":"Human milk use in the preoperative period is associated with a lower risk for necrotizing enterocolitis in neonates with complex congenital heart disease","volume":"215","author":"Cognata","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"issue":"3","key":"2022070103043007600_B85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1111\/chd.12435","article-title":"Reducing variation in feeding newborns with congenital heart disease","volume":"12","author":"Simsic","year":"2017","journal-title":"Congenit Heart Dis"},{"issue":"9573","key":"2022070103043007600_B86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1614","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)60748-X","article-title":"Probiotics for prevention of necrotising enterocolitis in preterm neonates with very low birthweight: a systematic review of randomised controlled trials","volume":"369","author":"Deshpande","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"6","key":"2022070103043007600_B87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2013-1339","article-title":"Probiotic effects on late-onset sepsis in very preterm infants: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"132","author":"Jacobs","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"1","key":"2022070103043007600_B88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2011.09.008","article-title":"Very low-birth-weight infants with congenital cardiac lesions: is there merit in delaying intervention to permit growth and maturation?","volume":"143","author":"Hickey","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg"},{"issue":"4","key":"2022070103043007600_B89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2020.06.014","article-title":"Extracardiac Fontan operation: how I teach it","volume":"110","author":"Rajab","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann Thorac Surg"},{"key":"2022070103043007600_B90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(59)80281-X","article-title":"The blood volume of infants: II, the premature infant during the first year of life","volume":"55","author":"Sisson","year":"1959","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"2022070103043007600_B91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1053\/j.pcsu.2019.02.009","article-title":"Cardiopulmonary bypass in premature and low birth weight neonates - implications for postoperative care from a neonatologist\/intensivist perspective","volume":"22","author":"Krishnamurthy","year":"2019","journal-title":"Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg Pediatr Card Surg Annu"},{"issue":"1","key":"2022070103043007600_B92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2014.08.020","article-title":"Stage 1 hybrid palliation for hypoplastic left heart syndrome\u2014assessment of contemporary patterns of use: an analysis of the Society of Thoracic Surgeons Congenital Heart Surgery Database","volume":"149","author":"Karamlou","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg"},{"issue":"6","key":"2022070103043007600_B93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2015.02.025","article-title":"Intermediate results of hybrid versus primary Norwood operation","volume":"99","author":"DiBardino","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann Thorac Surg"},{"issue":"8","key":"2022070103043007600_B94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1104","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2011.02245.x","article-title":"Outcomes of congenital heart disease in late preterm infants: double jeopardy?","volume":"100","author":"Natarajan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr"},{"issue":"5","key":"2022070103043007600_B95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1067\/mpd.2000.108568","article-title":"Outcome of preterm infants with congenital heart disease","volume":"137","author":"Dees","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"issue":"10","key":"2022070103043007600_B96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.3345\/cep.2019.01522","article-title":"New modified version of the Risk Adjustment for Congenital Heart Surgery category and mortality in premature infants with critical congenital heart disease","volume":"63","author":"Yoon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Exp Pediatr"},{"issue":"4","key":"2022070103043007600_B97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20170999","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2017-0999","article-title":"Gestational age and outcomes in critical congenital heart disease","volume":"140","author":"Steurer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"3","key":"2022070103043007600_B98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2007.09.068","article-title":"Cardiac surgery in infants with low birth weight is associated with increased mortality: analysis of the Society of Thoracic Surgeons Congenital Heart Database","volume":"135","author":"Curzon","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg"},{"issue":"12","key":"2022070103043007600_B99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2014.09.006","article-title":"Clinical outcomes in very low birth weight infants with major congenital heart defects","volume":"90","author":"Anderson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Early Hum Dev"},{"issue":"8","key":"2022070103043007600_B100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1415","DOI":"10.1007\/s00246-012-0375-8","article-title":"Outcome of extremely preterm infants (&lt;1,000 g) with congenital heart defects from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Neonatal Research Network","volume":"33","author":"Pappas","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pediatr Cardiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2022070103043007600_B101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1053\/j.semtcvs.2018.02.013","article-title":"Audit of cardiac surgery outcomes for low birth weight and premature infants","volume":"30","author":"Alarcon Manchego","year":"2018","journal-title":"Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg"},{"issue":"6","key":"2022070103043007600_B102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1838","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2021.01.065","article-title":"Association between Z-score for birth weight and postoperative outcomes in neonates and infants with congenital heart disease","volume":"162","author":"Steurer","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg"},{"issue":"5","key":"2022070103043007600_B103","first-page":"666","article-title":"Mortality for critical congenital heart diseases and associated risk factors in newborns. A cohort study","volume":"111","author":"Lopes","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arq Bras Cardiol"},{"issue":"8","key":"2022070103043007600_B104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1139","DOI":"10.1007\/s00246-011-0036-3","article-title":"Outcomes and risk factors for mortality in premature neonates with critical congenital heart disease","volume":"32","author":"Cheng","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pediatr Cardiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"2022070103043007600_B105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1104","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-013-2887-y","article-title":"Increased morbidity and mortality in very preterm\/VLBW infants with congenital heart disease","volume":"39","author":"Polito","year":"2013","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"2022070103043007600_B106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"616659","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2020.616659","article-title":"Outcomes of preterm infants with congenital heart defects after early surgery: defining risk factors at different time points during hospitalization","volume":"8","author":"Cheung","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Pediatr"},{"key":"2022070103043007600_B107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2016.08.084","article-title":"Early-term birth in single-ventricle congenital heart disease after the fontan procedure: neurodevelopmental and psychiatric outcomes","volume":"179","author":"Calderon","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"issue":"3","key":"2022070103043007600_B108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2011.11.029","article-title":"Younger gestational age is associated with worse neurodevelopmental outcomes after cardiac surgery in infancy","volume":"143","author":"Goff","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg"},{"issue":"5","key":"2022070103043007600_B109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20182577","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2018-2577","article-title":"Gestational age, birth weight, and outcomes six years after the Norwood procedure","volume":"143","author":"Miller","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"2","key":"2022070103043007600_B110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1093\/ejcts\/ezy015","article-title":"The impact of the maternal-foetal environment on outcomes of surgery for congenital heart disease in neonates","volume":"54","author":"Gaynor","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur J Cardiothorac Surg"}],"container-title":["NeoReviews"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/neoreviews\/article-pdf\/23\/7\/e472\/1326217\/neoreviews.012022cmerev00011.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/neoreviews\/article-pdf\/23\/7\/e472\/1326217\/neoreviews.012022cmerev00011.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,24]],"date-time":"2023-11-24T00:46:13Z","timestamp":1700786773000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/neoreviews\/article\/23\/7\/e472\/188384\/Prematurity-and-Congenital-Heart-Disease-A"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,1]]},"references-count":110,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/neo.23-7-e472","relation":{},"ISSN":["1526-9906"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1526-9906","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,1]]}}}