{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T14:49:05Z","timestamp":1791298145987,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Kernicterus is the potential toxic sequela of extreme neonatal hyperbilirubinemia resulting from the passage of excess free, unconjugated bilirubin across the blood\u2212brain barrier, irreversibly and selectively damaging vulnerable target brain cells including the basal ganglia, the cerebellum, and the auditory system. Kernicterus continues to plague the modern world. Not only does it continue to be uncontrolled in developing countries with underdeveloped medical systems, and health organizations rendered ineffective by the ravages of war, but it also remains prevalent in industrialized countries. In this review, we attempt to clarify the different and overlapping nomenclature used in the past to describe this entity and aim to offer a uniform approach to defining kernicterus spectrum disorder. We also discuss the different spectrum subtypes including motor-predominant kernicterus, auditory neural sensory dysfunction, subtle kernicterus, and kernicterus plus. In addition to reviewing several genetic factors that increase the risk of developing kernicterus, we also present some exciting potential therapeutic approaches.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1542\/neo.24-6-e329","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]],"date-time":"2023-06-01T03:01:30Z","timestamp":1685588490000},"page":"e329-e342","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Kernicterus on the Spectrum"],"prefix":"10.1542","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Yair","family":"Kasirer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"*Department of Neonatology, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel"},{"name":"\u2021Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Kaplan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u2020Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cathy","family":"Hammerman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"*Department of Neonatology, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel"},{"name":"\u2021Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"417","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"2023060103011886100_b1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.siny.2009.12.004","article-title":"Chronic bilirubin encephalopathy: diagnosis and outcome","volume":"15","author":"Shapiro","year":"2010","journal-title":"Semin Fetal Neonatal Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"2023060103011886100_b2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jp.7211157","article-title":"Definition of the clinical spectrum of kernicterus and bilirubin-induced neurologic dysfunction (BIND)","volume":"25","author":"Shapiro","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Perinatol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2023060103011886100_b3","first-page":"199","article-title":"The neurological sequelae of neonatal hyperbilirubinemia: definitions, diagnosis and treatment of the kernicterus spectrum disorders (KSDs)","volume":"13","author":"Le Pichon","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr Pediatr Rev"},{"issue":"5","key":"2023060103011886100_b4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F342","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.2006.105361","article-title":"Prospective surveillance study of severe hyperbilirubinaemia in the newborn in the UK and Ireland","volume":"92","author":"Manning","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed"},{"issue":"5","key":"2023060103011886100_b5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.107.5.1075","article-title":"Developmental follow-up of breastfed term and near-term infants with marked hyperbilirubinemia","volume":"107","author":"Harris","year":"2001","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"10","key":"2023060103011886100_b6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1689","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2009.01409.x","article-title":"Reversibility of acute intermediate phase bilirubin encephalopathy","volume":"98","author":"Hansen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr"},{"issue":"21","key":"2023060103011886100_b7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2021","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1308124","article-title":"Bilirubin-induced neurologic damage--mechanisms and management approaches","volume":"369","author":"Watchko","year":"2013","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"2023060103011886100_b8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1053\/j.semperi.2011.02.003","article-title":"The clinical syndrome of bilirubin-induced neurologic dysfunction","volume":"35","author":"Johnson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Semin Perinatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2023060103011886100_b9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.siny.2014.12.008","article-title":"The clinical syndrome of bilirubin-induced neurologic dysfunction","volume":"20","author":"Bhutani","year":"2015","journal-title":"Semin Fetal Neonatal Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"2023060103011886100_b10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1053\/j.semperi.2014.08.009","article-title":"Subtle bilirubin-induced neurodevelopmental dysfunction (BIND) in the term and late preterm infant: does it exist?","volume":"38","author":"Lunsing","year":"2014","journal-title":"Semin Perinatol"},{"issue":"part 3","key":"2023060103011886100_b11","first-page":"746","article-title":"BIND - 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