{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,22]],"date-time":"2026-02-22T20:27:39Z","timestamp":1771792059280,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1997,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Objective.\u2003To describe the epidemiology of air gun injuries to children that required hospitalization.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Design.\u2003A consecutive series of children with air gun injuries.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Setting.\u2003Urban pediatric teaching hospitals in Cincinnati, OH; Kansas City, MO; and Seattle, WA.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Methods.\u2003A retrospective chart review.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Results.\u2003A total of 101 children were studied: 81% were male; 80% were white, 18% were black, and 2% were other races. The median age was 10.9 years (range, 0.5 to 18.8). Victims were most commonly shot by a friend (30%) or sibling (21%). A total of 34% occurred at the victim's home, and 36% occurred at the home of a friend or relative. Although 71% of shootings were unintentional, 5% were assaults, and 1% were suicides.<\/jats:p><jats:p>The median hospital stay was 3 days (range, 1 to 17 days). Fifteen children (15%) required treatment in intensive care. A total of 56% required at least one surgical procedure. Forty-nine had injuries to the head, including 38 with injuries to the eye, 10 with intracranial injuries, and 1 with a skull injury. Fourteen children were shot in the neck; 15 were shot in the chest, with 2 patients sustaining lacerations of the pericardium and 1 having a right ventricular foreign body. Another child had a laceration of the innominate artery. Nineteen had abdominal injuries, including laceration of the stomach (N = 3), small bowel (N = 4), colon (N = 2), and liver (N = 3).<\/jats:p><jats:p>Three of 10 children with intracranial injuries died. Two had long-term neurologic deficits. Of children with eye injuries, 25 (66%) had permanent visual loss and 15 (39%) of these were blind.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Conclusion.\u2003Air guns are associated with serious and fatal injuries. Families should be counseled that air guns may cause serious injuries and even death. Furthermore, pediatric care givers should advocate for increased regulation of air guns and expansion of safety standards.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.100.4.609","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,8,13]],"date-time":"2004-08-13T23:40:17Z","timestamp":1092440417000},"page":"609-612","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":66,"title":["Serious and Fatal Air Gun Injuries: More Than Meets the Eye"],"prefix":"10.1542","volume":"100","author":[{"given":"Susan L.","family":"Bratton","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, and the Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Seattle, Washington;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M. Denise","family":"Dowd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Emergency Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, and the University of Cincinnati School of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio; and the"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas V.","family":"Brogan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, and the Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Seattle, Washington;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mary A.","family":"Hegenbarth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Division of Emergency Medicine, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, Missouri, and University of Missouri\u2013Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, Missouri."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"417","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1997,10,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021120904404963800_B1"},{"key":"2021120904404963800_B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1097\/00004703-199306010-00007","article-title":"In-office survey of children's hazard exposure in the Chicago area: age-specific exposure information and methodological lessons.","volume":"14","author":"Senturia","year":"1993","journal-title":"Dev Behav Pediatr."},{"key":"2021120904404963800_B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-0644(95)70150-8","article-title":"The ongoing hazard of BB and pellet gun related injuries in the United States.","volume":"26","author":"McNeill","year":"1995","journal-title":"Ann Emerg Med."},{"key":"2021120904404963800_B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1097\/00006565-198812000-00014","article-title":"Pediatric gunshot wounds-powder and nonpowder weapons.","volume":"4","author":"Walsh","year":"1988","journal-title":"Pediatr Emerg Care"},{"key":"2021120904404963800_B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.79.3.473","article-title":"Injuries related to \u201ctoy\u201d firearms.","volume":"79","author":"Committee on Accident and Poison Prevention","year":"1987","journal-title":"Pediatrics."},{"key":"2021120904404963800_B6","first-page":"187","article-title":"Air guns: the main cause of enucleation secondary to trauma in children and young adults in the greater Ottawa area in 1974\u201393.","volume":"30","author":"Marshall","year":"1995","journal-title":"Can J Ophthalmol."},{"key":"2021120904404963800_B7"},{"key":"2021120904404963800_B8"},{"key":"2021120904404963800_B9"},{"key":"2021120904404963800_B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.69.6.751","article-title":"Serious air rifle injuries in children.","volume":"69","author":"Blocker","year":"1982","journal-title":"Pediatrics."},{"key":"2021120904404963800_B11","first-page":"1","article-title":"Two deaths due to air arms.","volume":"6","author":"DiMaio","year":"1975","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int."},{"key":"2021120904404963800_B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-0644(95)70155-9","article-title":"Penetrating abdominal air gun injuries: pitfall in recognition and management.","volume":"26","author":"DiGiulio","year":"1995","journal-title":"Ann Emerg Med."},{"key":"2021120904404963800_B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1520\/JFS10539J","article-title":"A death from an air gun.","volume":"21","author":"Barnes","year":"1976","journal-title":"J Forensic Sci."},{"key":"2021120904404963800_B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"894","DOI":"10.1520\/JFS12207J","article-title":"Minimal velocities necessary for perforation of skin by air gun pellets and bullets.","volume":"27","author":"DiMaio","year":"1982","journal-title":"J Forensic Sci."},{"key":"2021120904404963800_B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3468(96)90414-5","article-title":"Thoracic gunshot wounds in children under 17 years of age.","volume":"31","author":"Nance","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Pediatr Surg."},{"key":"2021120904404963800_B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1097\/00005373-199403000-00010","article-title":"Cardiac injuries: analysis of an unselected series of 251 cases.","volume":"36","author":"Henderson","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Trauma"},{"key":"2021120904404963800_B17"},{"key":"2021120904404963800_B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1136\/ip.2.2.114","article-title":"Airgun injuries in New Zealand, 1979\u201392.","volume":"2","author":"Langley","year":"1996","journal-title":"Injury 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