{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T00:23:28Z","timestamp":1791937408794,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1997,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Objective.\u2003Advances in neonatology have contributed to improved survival for extremely low birth weight (ELBW) infants. Neurodevelopmental outcome is usually reported for a single large group of infants rather than according to smaller birth weight groups because of small numbers. Our purpose was to review the neurodevelopmental outcome of a large group of ELBW infants and examine differential outcome according to birth weight.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Study Design.\u2003A total of 446 infants born between 1979 and 1991, with a birth weight of 500 to 999 g, were followed to mean age 55 months \u00b1 33 standard deviation. Univariate analyses of medical risk factors of birth weight, gestational age, year of birth, growth retardation, gender, inborn\/outborn status, days on oxygen, intracranial hemorrhage, and social risk in relation to outcome were conducted on the group as a whole. Neurologic\/developmental outcome was also analyzed by 100-g weight groups.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Results.\u2003A total of 61% of all infants were completely normal, with no neurologic, neurosensory, or cognitive deficits. There was no association between outcome and birth weight. There was a strong association between intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) grade III or IV and\/or cystic periventricular leukomalacia (PVL) and abnormal outcome (Somers' D = .17) and ICH III\/IV and\/or cystic PVL and cognitive outcome (Kendall's tau = .15). Mild to moderate cognitive delays were associated with chronic lung disease (oxygen &amp;gt;60 days) (Kruskal-Wallis \u03c72 = 17.53) or high social risk (Kruskal-Wallis \u03c72 = 22.17).<\/jats:p><jats:p>Conclusion.\u2003In this study of ELBW infants, low birth weight was not associated with abnormal outcome. The risk factors of ICH III-IV\/cystic PVL, chronic lung disease, and high social risk were associated with abnormal outcome.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.100.4.633","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,8,13]],"date-time":"2004-08-13T23:40:17Z","timestamp":1092440417000},"page":"633-639","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":129,"title":["Outcome of Extremely Low Birth Weight Infants (500 to 999 Grams) Over a 12-Year Period"],"prefix":"10.1542","volume":"100","author":[{"given":"Robert E.","family":"Piecuch","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, and the"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carol H.","family":"Leonard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, and the"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruce A.","family":"Cooper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"California School of Professional Psychology, Alameda, California."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sally A.","family":"Sehring","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, and the"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"417","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1997,10,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021120904401591200_B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1597","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199311253292201","article-title":"The limit of viability: neonatal outcome of infants born at 22 to 25 weeks gestation.","volume":"329","author":"Allen","year":"1993","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"key":"2021120904401591200_B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.92.2.191","article-title":"Decreasing mortality associated with the introduction of surfactant therapy: an observational study of neonates weighing 601 to 1300 grams at birth.","volume":"92","author":"Horbar","year":"1993","journal-title":"Pediatrics."},{"key":"2021120904401591200_B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1476","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199405263302102","article-title":"Effect of surfactant on morbidity, mortality, and resource use in newborn infants weighing 500 to 1500 grams.","volume":"30","author":"Schwartz","year":"1994","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"key":"2021120904401591200_B4","first-page":"231A","article-title":"Cost of caring for infants weighing 500\u2013749 g at birth.","volume":"4","author":"Pomerance","year":"1993","journal-title":"Pediatr Res."},{"key":"2021120904401591200_B5","first-page":"533","article-title":"Costs incurred by parents of very low birth weight infants after the initial neonatal hospitalization.","volume":"88","author":"McCormick","year":"1991","journal-title":"Pediatrics."},{"key":"2021120904401591200_B6","first-page":"95","article-title":"The causes of cerebral palsy. 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