{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T17:46:07Z","timestamp":1793295967310,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1997,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Objectives.\u2003Birth weight predicts infant survival, growth, and development. Previous research suggests that low levels of fetal lead exposure, as estimated by umbilical cord blood-lead levels at birth, may have an adverse effect on birth weight. This report examines the relationship of lead levels in cord blood and maternal bone to birth weight.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Methods.\u2003Umbilical cord and maternal venous blood samples and anthropometric and sociodemographic data were obtained at delivery and 1-month postpartum. Blood-lead levels were analyzed by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Maternal tibia and patella lead levels were determined at 1-month postpartum with use of a spot-source109Cd K-X-ray fluorescence instrument. The relationship between birth weight and lead burden was evaluated by multiple regression with control of known determinants of size at birth.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Results.\u2003Data on all variables of interest were obtained for 272 mother-infant pairs. After adjustment for other determinants of birth weight, tibia lead was the only lead biomarker clearly related to birth weight. The decline in birth weight associated to increments in tibia lead was nonlinear and accelerated at the highest tibia lead quartile. In the upper quartile, neonates were on average, 156 grams lighter than those in the lowest quartile. Other significant birth weight predictors included maternal nutritional status, parity, education, gestational age, and smoking during pregnancy.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Conclusions.\u2003Our results indicate that bone-lead burden is inversely related to birth weight. Taken together with other research indicating that lead can mobilize from bone into plasma without detectable changes in whole blood lead, these findings suggest that bone lead might be a better biomarker than blood lead. Because lead remains in bone for years to decades, mobilization of bone lead during pregnancy may pose a significant fetal exposure with health consequences, long after maternal external lead exposure has declined.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.100.5.856","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,8,13]],"date-time":"2004-08-13T23:40:17Z","timestamp":1092440417000},"page":"856-862","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":167,"title":["Decrease in Birth Weight in Relation to Maternal Bone-Lead Burden"],"prefix":"10.1542","volume":"100","author":[{"given":"Teresa","family":"Gonza\u0301lez-Coss\u0131\u0301o","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Centro de Investigaciones en Salud Poblacional, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pu\u0301cblica, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Me\u0301xico;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karen E.","family":"Peterson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Maternal and Child Health and Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston Massachusetts;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luz-Helena","family":"San\u0131\u0301n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Centro de Investigaciones en Salud Poblacional, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pu\u0301cblica, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Me\u0301xico;"},{"name":"Universidad Auto\u0301noma de Chihuahua, Chihuahua, Me\u0301xico;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eugenia","family":"Fishbein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Centro de Investigaciones en Salud Poblacional, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pu\u0301cblica, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Me\u0301xico;"},{"name":"American British Cowdray Hospital, Me\u0301xico City, Me\u0301xico;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eduardo","family":"Palazuelos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"American British Cowdray Hospital, Me\u0301xico City, Me\u0301xico;"},{"name":"Secretar\u0131\u0301a del Medio Ambiente, Departamento del Distrito Federal, Me\u0301xico City, Me\u0301xico; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Aro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Maternal and Child Health and Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston Massachusetts;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mauricio","family":"Herna\u0301ndez-Avila","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Centro de Investigaciones en Salud Poblacional, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pu\u0301cblica, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Me\u0301xico;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Howard","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Maternal and Child Health and Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston Massachusetts;"},{"name":"Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's 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