{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T22:15:35Z","timestamp":1789424135139,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1998,4,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Exposure of children to ionizing radiation most commonly is from the environment, chiefly through cosmic rays and radon, or from medical technology. Medical radiation exposure occurs during diagnosis, therapy, and dental radiography. More is known about the biological effects of exposure to ionizing radiation than to nonionizing radiation from microwaves, radiowaves, and the electrical fields of other electrical appliances. This review applies only to sources of ionizing radiation and does not include the potential risks of indoor radon. The effects on children of ionizing radiation have been studied from war activities and environmental accidents. Projections are made from that data to help pediatricians evaluate risk from radiation when ordering radiographs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.101.4.717","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,8,13]],"date-time":"2004-08-13T23:44:32Z","timestamp":1092440672000},"page":"717-719","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":62,"title":["Risk of Ionizing Radiation Exposure to Children: A Subject Review"],"prefix":"10.1542","volume":"101","author":[{"name":"Committee on Environmental Health","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"417","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1998,4,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021121000275342700_B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.2307\/3579255","article-title":"Delayed effects of external radiation exposure: a brief history.","volume":"144","author":"Miller","year":"1995","journal-title":"Radiat Res."},{"key":"2021121000275342700_B2","first-page":"41","article-title":"Special susceptibility of the child to certain radiation-induced cancers.","volume":"103(suppl 6)","author":"Miller","year":"1995","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect."},{"key":"2021121000275342700_B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(94)91389-7","article-title":"In-utero exposed atomic bomb survivors: cancer risk update.","volume":"344","author":"Yoshimoto","year":"1994","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"2021121000275342700_B4"},{"key":"2021121000275342700_B5"},{"key":"2021121000275342700_B6"},{"key":"2021121000275342700_B7"},{"key":"2021121000275342700_B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1995.03530050050031","article-title":"Studies of cancer and radiation dose among atomic bomb survivors: the example of breast cancer.","volume":"274","author":"Land","year":"1995","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2021121000275342700_B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.2307\/3578591","article-title":"Incidence of female breast cancer among atomic bomb survivors, 1950\u20131985.","volume":"138","author":"Tokunaga","year":"1994","journal-title":"Radiat Res."},{"key":"2021121000275342700_B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198810203191601","article-title":"Tumors of the brain and nervous system after radiotherapy.","volume":"319","author":"Ron","year":"1988","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"key":"2021121000275342700_B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.2307\/3577801","article-title":"Thyroid neoplasia following low-dose radiation in childhood.","volume":"120","author":"Ron","year":"1989","journal-title":"Radiat Res."},{"key":"2021121000275342700_B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.2307\/3579003","article-title":"Thyroid cancer after exposure to external radiation: a pooled analysis of seven studies.","volume":"141","author":"Ron","year":"1995","journal-title":"Radiat Res."},{"key":"2021121000275342700_B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.2307\/3578322","article-title":"Issues and epidemiological evidence regarding radiation-induced thyroid cancer.","volume":"131","author":"Shore","year":"1992","journal-title":"Radiat Res."},{"key":"2021121000275342700_B14","first-page":"362","article-title":"Dose-response relationships for radiation-induced thyroid cancer and thyroid nodules: evidence for the prolonged effects of radiation on the thyroid.","volume":"77","author":"Schneider","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab."},{"key":"2021121000275342700_B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1269\/jrr.32.SUPPLEMENT_193","article-title":"Thyroid cancer: epidemiological study of thyroid cancer in A-bomb survivors from extended life span study cohort in Hiroshima.","volume":"32(suppl)","author":"Ezaki","year":"1991","journal-title":"Radiat Res."},{"key":"2021121000275342700_B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.310.6982.801","article-title":"Childhood thyroid cancer since the accident at Chernobyl.","volume":"310","author":"Vastsijazhko","year":"1995","journal-title":"Br Med J."},{"key":"2021121000275342700_B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1126\/science.272.5260.357","article-title":"Children become the first victims of fallout.","volume":"272","author":"Balter","year":"1996","journal-title":"Science."},{"key":"2021121000275342700_B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1038\/359021a0","article-title":"Thyroid cancer after Chernobyl.","volume":"359","author":"Kazakov","year":"1992","journal-title":"Nature."},{"key":"2021121000275342700_B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1038\/359021b0","article-title":"Thyroid cancer after Chernobyl.","volume":"359","author":"Baverstock","year":"1992","journal-title":"Nature."},{"key":"2021121000275342700_B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1038\/360113a0","article-title":"Thyroid cancer incidence.","volume":"360","author":"Ron","year":"1992","journal-title":"Nature."},{"key":"2021121000275342700_B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01309218","article-title":"Thyroid cancer in Belarus post-Chernobyl: improved detection or increased incidence?","volume":"39","author":"Abelin","year":"1994","journal-title":"Sozial-und Praventivmedizin."},{"key":"2021121000275342700_B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2559.1993.tb01227.x","article-title":"Radiation-induced thyroid cancer.","volume":"23","author":"Williams","year":"1993","journal-title":"Histopathology."},{"key":"2021121000275342700_B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1080\/09553009514550411","article-title":"Further observations on abnormal brain development caused by prenatal A-bomb exposure to ionizing radiation.","volume":"67","author":"Yoshimaru","year":"1995","journal-title":"Int J Radiat Biol."},{"key":"2021121000275342700_B24"},{"key":"2021121000275342700_B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.97.3.369","article-title":"Radiation exposure from diagnostic radiographs in extremely low birth weight infants.","volume":"97","author":"Wilson-Costello","year":"1996","journal-title":"Pediatrics."},{"key":"2021121000275342700_B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199603213341201","article-title":"Breast cancer and other second neoplasms after childhood Hodgkin's disease.","volume":"334","author":"Bhatia","year":"1996","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"key":"2021121000275342700_B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1016\/S0889-8588(18)30248-X","article-title":"Second tumors after treatment of childhood malignancies.","volume":"7","author":"Robison","year":"1993","journal-title":"Hematol Oncol Clin North Am."},{"key":"2021121000275342700_B28"},{"key":"2021121000275342700_B29"},{"key":"2021121000275342700_B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1995.03530050056032","article-title":"Caring for survivors of the Chernobyl disaster: what the clinician should know.","volume":"274","author":"Weinberg","year":"1995","journal-title":"JAMA."},{"key":"2021121000275342700_B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a115673","article-title":"Cancer near the Three Mile Island nuclear plant: radiation emissions.","volume":"132","author":"Hatch","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol."},{"key":"2021121000275342700_B32"},{"key":"2021121000275342700_B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1097\/00004032-199511000-00002","article-title":"History and status of x-ray mammography.","volume":"69","author":"Hendee","year":"1995","journal-title":"Health Physics."},{"key":"2021121000275342700_B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00395340","article-title":"Radiation doses in neuroradiological procedures.","volume":"16","author":"Isherwood","year":"1978","journal-title":"Neuroradiology."}],"container-title":["Pediatrics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatrics\/article-pdf\/101\/4\/717\/828495\/717.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatrics\/article-pdf\/101\/4\/717\/828495\/717.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,10]],"date-time":"2021-12-10T07:13:54Z","timestamp":1639120434000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatrics\/article\/101\/4\/717\/61985\/Risk-of-Ionizing-Radiation-Exposure-to-Children-A"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1998,4,1]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1998,4,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1998,4,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.101.4.717","relation":{},"ISSN":["1098-4275","0031-4005"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1098-4275","type":"electronic"},{"value":"0031-4005","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1998,4,1]]}}}