{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T18:30:36Z","timestamp":1787164236004,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1998,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Objective.\u2003To evaluate the utility of a polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based assay for identifying pneumococcal DNA in the blood of pediatric patients with suspected bacteremia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Methods.\u2003Children evaluated at the Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh who were having blood drawn for culture had an additional 2 to 3 mL of blood (from the same sampling) obtained and placed in a sodium citrate tube for PCR processing (study group). The control group for this study consisted of children having blood drawn for biochemical analysis who were afebrile, well-appearing, and had no recent illnesses. Specimens were frozen at \u221270\u00b0C and then batch-processed for PCR-based analyses with the JM201\/202\u2013204 primer\/probe set. Amplified products were detected after liquid hybridization format wherein a 32P end-labeled probe was annealed to the amplified DNA and visualized by autoradiographic analysis after gel retardation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Results.\u2003Four hundred eighty study group patients and 103 controls had specimens tested by both PCR and blood culture. Twenty-six (5%) patients had a positive blood culture for a pathogenic organism (21 of which were Streptococcus pneumoniae). Twelve (57%) of the 21 patients with blood cultures positive for S pneumoniae also were positive by PCR. In addition, 206 study group patients and 16 controls with negative blood cultures had positive PCR results. A greater proportion of study group patients were PCR-positive\/culture-negative than were controls (206\/459 vs 16\/103).<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Conclusion.\u2003Although this assay currently lacks adequate sensitivity and specificity for clinical use, the high frequency of PCR-positive cases in patients with suspected bacteremia may indicate a greater role for S pneumoniae than had previously been appreciated. Further refinement of this assay as well as the development of a rapid PCR-based assay appears warranted.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.101.5.813","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,8,13]],"date-time":"2004-08-13T19:44:32Z","timestamp":1092426272000},"page":"813-816","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Accuracy of a Polymerase Chain Reaction-based Assay for Detection of Pneumococcal Bacteremia in Children"],"prefix":"10.1542","volume":"101","author":[{"given":"Daniel J.","family":"Isaacman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Division of General Academic Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, the"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Eastern Virginia Medical School and"},{"name":"Children's Hospital of The King's Daughters, Norfolk, Virginia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yingze","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ellen A.","family":"Reynolds","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; and the"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Garth D.","family":"Ehrlich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"417","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1998,5,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021121010121209200_B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(89)91082-9","article-title":"Rapid diagnosis of tuberculosis by amplification of mycobacterial DNA in clinical samples.","volume":"2","author":"Brisson-Noel","year":"1989","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"2021121010121209200_B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.97.2.155","article-title":"Detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in clinical specimens from children using a polymerase chain reaction.","volume":"97","author":"Smith","year":"1996","journal-title":"Pediatrics."},{"key":"2021121010121209200_B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(91)93328-7","article-title":"Rapid diagnosis of tuberculous meningitis by polymerase chain reaction.","volume":"337","author":"Shankar","year":"1991","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"2021121010121209200_B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(90)90268-A","article-title":"Identification of Mycobacterium tuberculosis by polymerase chain reaction.","volume":"335","author":"Shankar","year":"1990","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"2021121010121209200_B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1992.46.416","article-title":"A simple method to detect Plasmodium falciparum directly from blood samples using the polymerase chain reaction.","volume":"46","author":"Barker","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"2021121010121209200_B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.29.1.62-69.1991","article-title":"Sensitive detection of Treponema pallidum by using the polymerase chain reaction.","volume":"29","author":"Burstain","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol."},{"key":"2021121010121209200_B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2645","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.34.11.2645-2649.1996","article-title":"Multiplex polymerase chain reaction-based assay for the detection of Bordetella pertussis in nasopharyngeal swab specimens.","volume":"34","author":"Wadowsky","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol."},{"key":"2021121010121209200_B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1257","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.27.6.1257-1261.1989","article-title":"Species-specific detection of Legionella pneumophilia in water by DNA amplification and hybridization.","volume":"27","author":"Starnbach","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"2021121010121209200_B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.35.3.685-690.1997","article-title":"An optimized PCR leads to rapid and highly sensitive detection of Borrelia burgdorferi in patients with Lyme borreliosis.","volume":"35","author":"Priem","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"2021121010121209200_B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1573","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199012063232301","article-title":"The agents of bacillary angiomatosis. An approach to the identification of uncultured pathogens.","volume":"323","author":"Relman","year":"1990","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2021121010121209200_B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1598","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1995.03520440052036","article-title":"Molecular analysis of bacterial pathogens in otitis media with effusion.","volume":"273","author":"Post","year":"1995","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2021121010121209200_B12","first-page":"165","article-title":"Amplification of bacterial DNA using highly conserved sequences:automated analysis and potential for molecular triage of sepsis.","volume":"95","author":"McCabe","year":"1995","journal-title":"Pediatrics."},{"key":"2021121010121209200_B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1348-0421.1996.tb01117.x","article-title":"A modified PCR-based method for rapid non-radioactive detection of clinically important pathogens.","volume":"40","author":"Gorelov","year":"1996","journal-title":"Microbiol Immunol"},{"key":"2021121010121209200_B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2548","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.34.10.2548-2551.1996","article-title":"Detection of Neisseria gonorrhea from air-dried genital samples by single-tube nested PCR.","volume":"34","author":"Herrmann","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol."},{"key":"2021121010121209200_B15","first-page":"145","article-title":"Detection of Haemophilus influenzae in adenoids and nasopharyngeal secretions by polymerase chain reaction.","volume":"523","author":"Sakamoto","year":"1996","journal-title":"Acta Otolaryngol"},{"key":"2021121010121209200_B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2661","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.31.10.2661-2666.1993","article-title":"Evaluation of a polymerase chain reaction for diagnosis of pneumococcal pneumonia.","volume":"31","author":"Rudolph","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"2021121010121209200_B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1721","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.32.7.1721-1724.1994","article-title":"Detection of Streptococcus pneumoniae DNA in blood cultures by PCR.","volume":"32","author":"Hassan-King","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"2021121010121209200_B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/0732-8893(94)90002-7","article-title":"Development of a polymerase chain reaction assay to detect the presence of S pneumoniae DNA.","volume":"20","author":"Friedland","year":"1994","journal-title":"Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"2021121010121209200_B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.33.3.596-601.1995","article-title":"Detection of S pneumoniae in whole body by PCR.","volume":"33","author":"Zhang","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"2021121010121209200_B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5858","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.87.15.5858","article-title":"Penicillin-resistant Viridans streptococci have obtained altered penicillin-binding protein genes from penicillin-resistant strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae.","volume":"87","author":"Dowson","year":"1990","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"2021121010121209200_B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-199004000-00010","article-title":"Lack of effect of changing needles on contamination of blood cultures.","volume":"9","author":"Isaacman","year":"1990","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J."},{"key":"2021121010121209200_B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1606","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.33.6.1606-1612.1995","article-title":"Comparative study of five different DNA fingerprint techniques for molecular typing of Streptococcus pneumoniae strains.","volume":"33","author":"Hermans","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol."},{"key":"2021121010121209200_B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(96)70388-8","article-title":"Effect of volume of blood and number of cultures on the detection of bacteremia in children.","volume":"128","author":"Isaacman","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Pediatr."},{"key":"2021121010121209200_B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(96)70254-8","article-title":"Volume of blood required to detect common neonatal pathogens.","volume":"129","author":"Schelonka","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Pediatr."}],"container-title":["Pediatrics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatrics\/article-pdf\/101\/5\/813\/890171\/pe059800813o.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatrics\/article-pdf\/101\/5\/813\/890171\/pe059800813o.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,10]],"date-time":"2021-12-10T17:35:05Z","timestamp":1639157705000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatrics\/article\/101\/5\/813\/65324\/Accuracy-of-a-Polymerase-Chain-Reaction-based"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1998,5,1]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1998,5,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1998,5,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.101.5.813","relation":{},"ISSN":["1098-4275","0031-4005"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1098-4275","type":"electronic"},{"value":"0031-4005","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1998,5,1]]}}}