{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]],"date-time":"2026-01-09T12:06:55Z","timestamp":1767960415577,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1998,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Objective.\u2003To determine the relationship between perinatal and sociodemographic factors in low birth weight and sick infants hospitalized at regional neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) and subsequent educational disabilities.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Method.\u2003NICU graduates born between 1980 and 1987 at nine statewide regionalized level III centers were located in Florida elementary schools (kindergarten through third grade) during academic year 1992\u20131993 (n = 9943). Educational disability was operationalized as placement into eight mutually exclusive types of special education (SE) classifications determined by statewide standardized eligibility criteria: physically impaired, sensory impaired (SI), profoundly mentally handicapped, trainable mentally handicapped, educable mentally handicapped, specific learning disabilities, emotionally handicapped, and speech and language impaired (SLI). Logistic regression was used to estimate the odds of placement in SE for selected perinatal and sociodemographic variables.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Results.\u2003Placement into SE ranged from .8% for SI to 9.9% for SLI. Placement was related to four perinatal factors (birth weight, transport, medical conditions [congenital anomalies, seizures or intraventricular hemorrhage] and ventilation), and five sociodemographic factors (child's sex, mother's marital status, mother's race, mother's educational level, and family income). Perinatal factors primarily were associated with placement in physically impaired, SI, profoundly mentally handicapped, and trainable mentally handicapped. Perinatal and sociodemographic factors both were associated with placement in educable mentally handicapped and specific learning disabilities whereas sociodemographic factors primarily were associated with placement in emotionally handicapped and SLI.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Conclusions.\u2003Educational disabilities of NICU graduates are influenced differently by perinatal and sociodemographic variables. Researchers must take into account both sets of these variables to ascertain the long-term risk of educational disability for NICU graduates. Birth weight alone should not be used to assess NICU morbidity outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.102.2.308","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,8,13]],"date-time":"2004-08-13T23:44:32Z","timestamp":1092440672000},"page":"308-314","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":66,"title":["Educational Disabilities of Neonatal Intensive Care Graduates"],"prefix":"10.1542","volume":"102","author":[{"given":"Michael B.","family":"Resnick","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"From the College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida; the"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shanti V.","family":"Gomatam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida; the"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Randy L.","family":"Carter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida; the"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mario","family":"Ariet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida; the"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey","family":"Roth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida; the"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Karen L.","family":"Kilgore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Education, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida; the"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Richard L.","family":"Bucciarelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida; the"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Charles S.","family":"Mahan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida; and the"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John S.","family":"Curran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Donald V.","family":"Eitzman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida; the"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"417","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1998,8,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021121010240450700_B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.2307\/1602514","article-title":"Long-term developmental outcomes of very low birth weight infants.","volume":"5","author":"Hack","year":"1995","journal-title":"Future-Child"},{"key":"2021121010240450700_B2","first-page":"479","article-title":"Outcome of infants weighting less than 800 grams at birth: 15 years' experience.","volume":"96","author":"La Pine TR, Jackson JC, Bennett FC","year":"1995","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2021121010240450700_B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1094","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.91.6.1094","article-title":"Impact of improved survival of very low birth weight infants on recent secular trends in the prevalence of cerebral palsy.","volume":"91","author":"Bhushan","year":"1993","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2021121010240450700_B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"974","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.96.5.974","article-title":"Perinatal care at the threshold of viability.","volume":"96","author":"American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Fetus and Newborn, American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists Committee on Obstetric Practice","year":"1995","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2021121010240450700_B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.95.2.272","article-title":"Disability and perinatal care.","volume":"95","author":"Johnson","year":"1995","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2021121010240450700_B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.1995.02170140033005","article-title":"The impact of very low-birth-weight infants on the family is long lasting: a matched control study.","volume":"149","author":"Cronin","year":"1995","journal-title":"Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med"},{"key":"2021121010240450700_B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.1994.02170040043007","article-title":"A gradient relationship between low birth weight and IQ at age 6 years.","volume":"148","author":"Breslau","year":"1994","journal-title":"Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med"},{"key":"2021121010240450700_B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199107253250403","article-title":"Effect of very low birth weight and subnormal head size on cognitive abilities at school age.","volume":"325","author":"Hack","year":"1991","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2021121010240450700_B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1097\/00004703-199212000-00005","article-title":"The effect of very low birth weight and social risk on neurocognitive abilities at school age.","volume":"13","author":"Hack","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Dev Behav Pediatr"},{"key":"2021121010240450700_B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2204","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1992.03480160062035","article-title":"The health and developmental status of very low-birth-weight children at school age,","volume":"267","author":"McCormick","year":"1992","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2021121010240450700_B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(95)70183-4","article-title":"Prediction of outcome at school entry in neonatal intensive care unit survivors, with use of clinical and electrophysiologic techniques.","volume":"127","author":"Majnemer","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"2021121010240450700_B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199409223311201","article-title":"School-age outcome in children with birth weights under 750 g.","volume":"331","author":"Hack","year":"1994","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2021121010240450700_B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(05)80043-5","article-title":"Cognitive abilities and school performance of extremely low birth weight children and matched term control children at age 8 years: a regional study.","volume":"118","author":"Saigal","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"2021121010240450700_B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1097\/00004703-199312010-00001","article-title":"Cognition, school performance, and behavior in very low birth weight and normal birth weight children at 8 years of age: a longitudinal study.","volume":"14","author":"Rickards","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Dev Behav Pediatr"},{"key":"2021121010240450700_B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.68.3_Spec_No.286","article-title":"Outcome at 8 years for children with birth weights of 1250 g or less.","volume":"68","author":"Marlow","year":"1993","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"key":"2021121010240450700_B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1257","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1994.03520160041040","article-title":"Early intervention in low birth weight premature infants: results through 5 years from the Infant Health and Development Program.","volume":"272","author":"Brooks-Gunn","year":"1994","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2021121010240450700_B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.97.1.18","article-title":"The behavioral and emotional well-being of school-age children with different birth weights.","volume":"97","author":"McCormick","year":"1996","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2021121010240450700_B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.91.4.807","article-title":"Extremely low birth weight children and their peers: a comparison of preschool performance.","volume":"91","author":"Halsey","year":"1993","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2021121010240450700_B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.94.5.700","article-title":"Classroom behavior of very low birth weight elementary school children.","volume":"94","author":"Klebanov","year":"1994","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2021121010240450700_B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1093\/jpepsy\/20.6.703","article-title":"Achievement in children with birth weights less than 750 grams with normal cognitive abilities: evidence for specific learning disabilities.","volume":"20","author":"Taylor","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Pediatr Psychol"},{"key":"2021121010240450700_B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1097\/00004703-199110000-00002","article-title":"Learning disabilities and school problems in a regional cohort of extremely low birth weight (less than 1000 g) children: a comparison with term controls.","volume":"12","author":"Saigal","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Dev Behav Pediatr"},{"key":"2021121010240450700_B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1097\/00004703-199210010-00007","article-title":"Can learning disabilities in children who were extremely low birth weight be identified at school entry?","volume":"13","author":"Saigal","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Dev Behav Pediatr"},{"key":"2021121010240450700_B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1097\/00004703-199408000-00005","article-title":"School achievement and failure in very low birth weight children.","volume":"15","author":"Klebanov","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Dev Behav Pediatr"},{"key":"2021121010240450700_B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1125","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.88.6.1125","article-title":"Educational status and school-related abilities of very low birth weight premature children.","volume":"88","author":"Ross","year":"1991","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2021121010240450700_B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.1995.tb11965.x","article-title":"School attainment, cognitive ability and motor function in a total Scottish very low birth weight population at eight years: a controlled study.","volume":"37","author":"Hall","year":"1995","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"key":"2021121010240450700_B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-3797(18)30408-2","article-title":"Prediction of special education placement from birth certificate data.","volume":"11","author":"Andrews","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Prev Med"},{"key":"2021121010240450700_B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.2307\/1602495","article-title":"Effectiveness of special education: is placement the critical factor?","volume":"6","author":"Hocutt","year":"1996","journal-title":"Future-Child"},{"key":"2021121010240450700_B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(05)82415-1","article-title":"Risk factors for major developmental impairments and need for special education resources in extremely premature infants.","volume":"119","author":"Msall","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"2021121010240450700_B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"790","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.1996.02170330016003","article-title":"Extremely low-birth-weight children and their peers: a comparison of school-age outcomes.","volume":"150","author":"Halsey","year":"1996","journal-title":"Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med."},{"key":"2021121010240450700_B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(05)81204-1","article-title":"Effects of intraventricular hemorrhage and socioeconomic status on perceptual, cognitive, and neurologic status of low birth weight infants at five years of age.","volume":"121","author":"Vohr","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"2021121010240450700_B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.1991.tb11943.x","article-title":"Neonatal follow-up of very low birthweight\/extremely low birthweight infants to school age: a critical overview.","volume":"80","author":"Ornstein","year":"1991","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr Scand"},{"key":"2021121010240450700_B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(05)83290-1","article-title":"School performance at nine years of age in very premature and very low birth weight infants: perinatal risk factors and predictors at five years of age.","volume":"125","author":"Hille","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"2021121010240450700_B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(90)90389-O","article-title":"Effects of birth weight and sociodemographic variables on mental development of neonatal intensive care unit survivors.","volume":"162","author":"Resnick","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"2021121010240450700_B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.4780110210","article-title":"A random coefficient growth curve analysis of mental development in low birth weight infants.","volume":"11","author":"Carter","year":"1992","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"key":"2021121010240450700_B35","first-page":"711","article-title":"The nine regional perinatal tertiary care centers in Florida: an overview.","volume":"70","author":"Bauer","year":"1983","journal-title":"J Fla Med Assoc"},{"key":"2021121010240450700_B36","first-page":"718","article-title":"Data base management system for Children's Medical Services Regional Perinatal Intensive Care Centers Program.","volume":"70","author":"Resnick","year":"1983","journal-title":"J Fla Med Assoc"},{"key":"2021121010240450700_B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(89)90262-7","article-title":"Effect of birth weight, race, sex on survival of low birth weight infants in neonatal intensive care.","volume":"161","author":"Resnick","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"2021121010240450700_B38"},{"key":"2021121010240450700_B39"},{"key":"2021121010240450700_B40"},{"key":"2021121010240450700_B41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1311","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.1995.02170250017002","article-title":"Changes in survival patterns of very low birth weight infants from 1980 to 1993.","volume":"149","author":"Roth","year":"1995","journal-title":"Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med"},{"key":"2021121010240450700_B42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1183","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a117392","article-title":"Outcome of very low birth weight infants in industrialized countries:1947\u20131987.","volume":"141","author":"Lee","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2021121010240450700_B43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/S0095-5108(18)30423-8","article-title":"Has the prevalence of handicapped infants increased with improved survival of the very low birth weight infant?","volume":"20","author":"McCormick","year":"1993","journal-title":"Clin Perinatol"},{"key":"2021121010240450700_B44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-3955(16)38545-5","article-title":"The high risk infant.","volume":"40","author":"Allen","year":"1993","journal-title":"Pediatr Clin North Am"},{"key":"2021121010240450700_B45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.1992.tb137075.x","article-title":"Improvement in outcome for very low birthweight children: apparent or real?","volume":"157","author":"Kitchen","year":"1992","journal-title":"Med J Aust"},{"key":"2021121010240450700_B46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.88.1.115","article-title":"Emerging developmental sequelae in the \u2018normal\u2019 extremely low birth weight infant.","volume":"88","author":"Collin","year":"1991","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2021121010240450700_B47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.66.2.204","article-title":"Outcome among surviving very low birthweight infants: a meta-analysis.","volume":"66","author":"Escobar","year":"1991","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"key":"2021121010240450700_B48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1497","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-3955(16)38233-5","article-title":"Neonatal intensive care: is it worth it? Developmental sequelae of very low birthweight.","volume":"38","author":"Blackman","year":"1991","journal-title":"Pediatr Clin North Am"},{"key":"2021121010240450700_B49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1996.03540060068039","article-title":"Progress in assessing the long-term outcome of extremely low-birth-weight infants.","volume":"276","author":"Tyson","year":"1996","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2021121010240450700_B50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.99.6.869","article-title":"The outcomes of very low birth weight infants: are we asking the right questions?","volume":"99","author":"McCormick","year":"1997","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2021121010240450700_B51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.1993.tb11662.x","article-title":"Behaviour problems of very low birthweight children.","volume":"35","author":"Weisglas-Kuperus","year":"1993","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"key":"2021121010240450700_B52"},{"key":"2021121010240450700_B53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1080\/09362839109524776","article-title":"The structure of learning disabilities.","volume":"2","author":"Kavale","year":"1991","journal-title":"Exceptionality"},{"key":"2021121010240450700_B54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.89.3.373","article-title":"Educational outcome of neonatal intensive care graduates.","volume":"89","author":"Resnick","year":"1992","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2021121010240450700_B55"},{"key":"2021121010240450700_B56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.2307\/1511208","article-title":"Learning disabilities definitions and criteria used by state education departments.","volume":"19","author":"Mercer","year":"1996","journal-title":"Learning Disabil Q"},{"key":"2021121010240450700_B57"},{"key":"2021121010240450700_B58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.2307\/1602493","article-title":"Identification and assessment of students with disabilities.","volume":"6","author":"Reschly","year":"1996","journal-title":"Future-Child"}],"container-title":["Pediatrics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatrics\/article-pdf\/102\/2\/308\/842417\/308.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatrics\/article-pdf\/102\/2\/308\/842417\/308.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,29]],"date-time":"2023-04-29T05:31:30Z","timestamp":1682746290000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatrics\/article\/102\/2\/308\/65596\/Educational-Disabilities-of-Neonatal-Intensive"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1998,8,1]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1998,8,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1998,8,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.102.2.308","relation":{},"ISSN":["1098-4275","0031-4005"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1098-4275","type":"electronic"},{"value":"0031-4005","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1998,8,1]]}}}