{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]],"date-time":"2025-10-29T18:58:32Z","timestamp":1761764312924,"version":"3.40.5"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1998,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Objective.\u2003To examine the relationship between otitis media with effusion (OME) and associated hearing loss between 6 and 24 months of age and children's language and cognitive development at 2 years of age.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>Study Design.\u2003A prospective cohort design in which 86 African-American infants who attended group child-care centers were recruited between 6 and 12 months of age. Between 6 and 24 months, assessments included serial ear examinations using otoscopy and tympanometry, serial hearing tests, two ratings of the childrearing environment at home and in child care, and language and cognitive outcomes at 2 years.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>Results.\u2003Children experienced either unilateral or bilateral OME an average of 63% and reduced hearing sensitivity an average of 44% of the time between 6 and 24 months of age. Although proportion of time with OME or with hearing loss was modestly correlated with measures of language and cognitive skills, these relationships were no longer significant when the ratings of the home and child-care environments were also considered. Children with more OME or hearing loss tended to live in less responsive caregiving environments, and these environments were linked to lower performance in expressive language and vocabulary acquisition at 2 years.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>Conclusions.\u2003Both OME and hearing loss were more strongly related to the quality of home and child-care environments than to children's language and cognitive development. Study results might be explained either by suggesting that children in less responsive caregiving environments experience conditions that make them more likely to experience OME and\/or by suggesting that it may be more difficult for caregivers to be responsive and stimulating with children with more OME.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.102.2.346","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,8,13]],"date-time":"2004-08-13T23:44:32Z","timestamp":1092440672000},"page":"346-354","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":58,"title":["Otitis Media, the Caregiving Environment, and Language and Cognitive Outcomes at 2 Years"],"prefix":"10.1542","volume":"102","author":[{"given":"Joanne E.","family":"Roberts","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Frank Porter Graham Child Development Center, the"},{"name":"Division of Speech and Hearing Sciences, the Department of Medical Allied Health, the"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Margaret R.","family":"Burchinal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Frank Porter Graham Child Development Center, the"},{"name":"Department of Psychology, the"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Susan A.","family":"Zeisel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Frank Porter Graham Child Development Center, the"},{"name":"School of Nursing, the"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eloise C.","family":"Neebe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Frank Porter Graham Child Development Center, the"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stephen R.","family":"Hooper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Frank Porter Graham Child Development Center, the"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, and the"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jackson","family":"Roush","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From 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