{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T21:55:28Z","timestamp":1784584528293,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1998,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Objective.\u2003To study the association of perinatal human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 transmission with birth outcomes, including birth weight, gestational age, ponderal index, head circumference, and weight\/head ratio.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Methods.\u2003Data from a prospective cohort study of 627 pregnant women and their infants in Butare, Rwanda, from October 1989 until April 1994 were analyzed. A total of 318 HIV-1-infected and 309 seronegative women were enrolled during pregnancy and gave birth to 590 live singletons. Multiple linear regression modeling was used to assess the association of mother\u2013child HIV status with several birth outcome measures.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Results.\u2003Unadjusted mean birth weight of HIV- infected infants was 235 g (95% confidence interval [CI] = 94 to 376 g) less than that of HIV-uninfected infants born to HIV-positive mothers (the reference group). After adjustment for gestational age, socioeconomic factors, maternal age, parity, hematocrit, and anthropomorphic measures, mean birth weight of HIV-infected infants was 154 g (95% CI = 38 to 271 g) lower than that of the reference group. When infants born to HIV-seronegative mothers were compared with the reference group, mean birth weights did not differ. Adjusted models resulted in estimates of mean head circumference 0.6 cm smaller (95% CI = 0.2 to 1.1 cm), ponderal index 0.14 lower (95% CI = 0.05 to 0.23), weight\/head ratio 3.5 lower (95% CI = 0.5 to 6.4), and gestational age 0.5 weeks shorter (95% CI = 0.1 to 0.9 weeks) for HIV-infected infants than for the reference group.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Conclusions.\u2003After adjustment for potential confounding variables, this study showed statistically significant differences in birth weight, gestational age, ponderal index, and weight\/head ratio when HIV-infected infants were compared with noninfected infants born to HIV-positive mothers. HIV-1, mother-to-child transmission, Africa, intrauterine growth, birth weight, gestational age, ponderal index.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.102.2.e24","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,8,13]],"date-time":"2004-08-13T23:44:32Z","timestamp":1092440672000},"page":"e24-e24","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Perinatal Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 Transmission and Intrauterine Growth: A Cohort Study in Butare, Rwanda"],"prefix":"10.1542","volume":"102","author":[{"given":"Ssu","family":"Weng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Division of Community Medicine, Department of Family and Community Medicine,"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marc","family":"Bulterys","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Division of Community Medicine, Department of Family and Community Medicine,"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ann","family":"Chao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christine A.","family":"Stidley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Division of Community Medicine, Department of Family and Community Medicine,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abel","family":"Dushimimana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Center for Public Health, School of Medicine and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Etienne","family":"Mbarutso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, National University of Rwanda, Butare, Rwanda; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alfred","family":"Saah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, School of Hygiene and Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"417","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1998,8,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021121010221829200_B1"},{"key":"2021121010221829200_B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a121448","article-title":"Birthweight, fetal age and perinatal mortality.","volume":"96","author":"Susser","year":"1972","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol."},{"key":"2021121010221829200_B3","first-page":"61","article-title":"Nutrition, birthweight, and child mortality in India: the use of epidemiology in setting priorities.","volume":"12","author":"Rush","year":"1987","journal-title":"Indian J Community Med."},{"key":"2021121010221829200_B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.48.4.511","article-title":"Diagnosis of impaired fetal growth in newborn infants.","volume":"48","author":"Miller","year":"1971","journal-title":"Pediatrics."},{"key":"2021121010221829200_B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.epirev.a017922","article-title":"Mother-to-child transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1.","volume":"18","author":"John","year":"1996","journal-title":"Epidemiol Rev."},{"key":"2021121010221829200_B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3016.1995.tb00113.x","article-title":"Mother-to-infant HIV transmission: timing, risk factors and prevention.","volume":"9","author":"Kuhn","year":"1995","journal-title":"Paediatr Perinatal Epidemiol"},{"key":"2021121010221829200_B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1097\/00008480-199804000-00005","article-title":"Mother to child transmission of HIV.","volume":"10","author":"Bulterys","year":"1998","journal-title":"Curr Opin Pediatr."},{"key":"2021121010221829200_B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1246","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199210223271718","article-title":"Proposed definitions for in utero versus intrapartum transmission of HIV-1.","volume":"327","author":"Bryson","year":"1992","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"key":"2021121010221829200_B9"},{"key":"2021121010221829200_B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-199509040-00007","article-title":"Frequency of early in utero HIV-1 infection: a blind DNA polymerase chain reaction study on 100 fetal thymuses.","volume":"9","author":"Brossard","year":"1995","journal-title":"AIDS."},{"key":"2021121010221829200_B11","first-page":"F7","article-title":"The sensitivity of HIV-1 DNA polymerase chain reaction in the neonatal period and the relative contributions of intra-uterine and intra-partum transmission.","volume":"9","author":"Dunn","year":"1995","journal-title":"AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses."},{"key":"2021121010221829200_B12","first-page":"952","article-title":"An assessment of the timing of mother-to-child transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 by means of polymerase chain reaction.","volume":"7","author":"Simonon","year":"1994","journal-title":"J AIDS Hum Retrovir."},{"key":"2021121010221829200_B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1330","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a117601","article-title":"Estimated timing of mother-to-child human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) transmission by use of a Markov model.","volume":"142","author":"Rouzioux","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol."},{"key":"2021121010221829200_B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/175.3.712","article-title":"Defining the time of fetal or perinatal acquisition of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection on the basis of age at first positive culture.","volume":"175","author":"Kalish","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Infect Dis."},{"key":"2021121010221829200_B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1342","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1996.03530410056034","article-title":"A meta-analytic evaluation of the polymerase chain reaction for the diagnosis of HIV infection in infants.","volume":"275","author":"Owens","year":"1996","journal-title":"JAMA."},{"key":"2021121010221829200_B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"996","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/170.4.996","article-title":"Blood culture in the first 6 months of life for the diagnosis of vertically transmitted human immunodeficiency virus infection. The Women and Infants Transmission Study Group.","volume":"170","author":"McIntosh","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Infect Dis."},{"key":"2021121010221829200_B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(92)92115-V","article-title":"Risk of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 transmission through breastfeeding.","volume":"340","author":"Dunn","year":"1992","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"2021121010221829200_B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1637","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198906223202501","article-title":"Perinatal transmission of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 to infants of seropositive women in Zaire.","volume":"320","author":"Ryder","year":"1989","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"key":"2021121010221829200_B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1250","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.299.6710.1250","article-title":"Perinatal transmission of HIV-1 in Zambia.","volume":"299","author":"Hira","year":"1989","journal-title":"Br Med J."},{"key":"2021121010221829200_B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-199010000-00009","article-title":"Impact of maternal HIV infection on obstetrical and early neonatal outcome.","volume":"4","author":"Braddick","year":"1990","journal-title":"AIDS."},{"key":"2021121010221829200_B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2088","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1990.03450160058029","article-title":"Transmission of HIV-1 infections from mothers to infants in Haiti: impact on childhood mortality and malnutrition.","volume":"264","author":"Halsey","year":"1990","journal-title":"JAMA."},{"key":"2021121010221829200_B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-199103000-00008","article-title":"Perinatal transmission of HIV-1: lack of impact of maternal HIV infection on characteristics of livebirths and on neonatal mortality in Kigali, Rwanda.","volume":"5","author":"Lepage","year":"1991","journal-title":"AIDS."},{"key":"2021121010221829200_B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1097\/00006250-199404000-00002","article-title":"Maternal human immunodeficiency virus-1 infection and pregnancy outcome.","volume":"83","author":"Temmerman","year":"1994","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol."},{"key":"2021121010221829200_B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-199402000-00003","article-title":"Maternal human immunodeficiency virus 1 infection and intrauterine growth: a prospective cohort study in Butare, Rwanda.","volume":"13","author":"Bulterys","year":"1994","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J."},{"key":"2021121010221829200_B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1022","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/24.5.1022","article-title":"The effect of human immunodeficiency virus infection on birth weight, and infant and child mortality in urban Malawi.","volume":"24","author":"Taha","year":"1995","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol."},{"key":"2021121010221829200_B26","first-page":"227","article-title":"Association of maternal HIV infection with low birth weight.","volume":"13","author":"Markson","year":"1996","journal-title":"J AIDS Hum Retrovir."},{"key":"2021121010221829200_B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1289","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1989.03420090053030","article-title":"Prospective study of human immunodeficiency virus infection and pregnancy outcomes in intravenous drug users.","volume":"261","author":"Selwyn","year":"1989","journal-title":"JAMA."},{"key":"2021121010221829200_B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1159\/000293204","article-title":"Perinatal outcome in HIV-infected pregnant women.","volume":"30","author":"Semprini","year":"1990","journal-title":"Gynecol Obstet Invest."},{"key":"2021121010221829200_B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-199606000-00003","article-title":"Growth of human immunodeficiency type-1 infected and uninfected children: a prospective cohort study in Kigali, Rwanda, 1988 to 1993.","volume":"15","author":"Lepage","year":"1996","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J."},{"key":"2021121010221829200_B30","first-page":"298","article-title":"Maternal and neonatal characteristics associated with HIV infection in infants of seropositive women.","volume":"6","author":"Nair","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr."},{"key":"2021121010221829200_B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.96.3.451","article-title":"Neonatal predictors of infection status and early death among 332 infants at risk of HIV-1 infection monitored prospectively from birth.","volume":"96","author":"Abrams","year":"1995","journal-title":"Pediatrics."},{"key":"2021121010221829200_B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(96)70428-6","article-title":"Natural history of somatic growth in infants born to women infected by human immunodeficiency virus. Women and Infants Transmission Study Group.","volume":"128","author":"Moye","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Pediatr."},{"key":"2021121010221829200_B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1643","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198906223202502","article-title":"A prospective study of infants born to women seropositive for human immunodeficiency virus type 1.","volume":"320","author":"Blanche","year":"1989","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"key":"2021121010221829200_B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.90.3.369","article-title":"Mother-to-child transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1: risk of infection and correlates of transmission.","volume":"90","author":"Gabiano","year":"1992","journal-title":"Pediatrics."},{"key":"2021121010221829200_B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/57.4.588","article-title":"Growth and body composition in children infected with the human immunodeficiency virus-1.","volume":"57","author":"Miller","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr."},{"key":"2021121010221829200_B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.1995.02170180027004","article-title":"Longitudinal assessment of growth in children born to mothers with human immunodeficiency virus infection.","volume":"49","author":"Saavedra","year":"1995","journal-title":"Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med."},{"key":"2021121010221829200_B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.1994.tb13079.x","article-title":"Perinatal findings in children born to HIV-infected mothers.","volume":"101","author":"European Collaborative Study","year":"1994","journal-title":"Br J Obstet Gynaecol."},{"key":"2021121010221829200_B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/23.2.371","article-title":"Risk factors associated with prevalent HIV-1 infection among pregnant women in Rwanda.","volume":"23","author":"Chao","year":"1994","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol."},{"key":"2021121010221829200_B39","first-page":"69","article-title":"Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). WHO\/CDC case definition for AIDS.","volume":"61","author":"World Health Organization","year":"1986","journal-title":"Wkly Epidemiol Rec."},{"key":"2021121010221829200_B40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1139","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-199308000-00027","article-title":"Estimating the rate of mother-to-child transmission of HIV. Report of a workshop on methodological issues, Ghent (Belgium), 17\u201320 February 1992.","volume":"7","author":"Dabis","year":"1993","journal-title":"AIDS."},{"key":"2021121010221829200_B41","first-page":"93","article-title":"HIV-1 seroconversion after 20 months of age in a cohort of breastfed children born to HIV-1 infected women in Rwanda.","volume":"9","author":"Bulterys","year":"1995","journal-title":"AIDS."},{"key":"2021121010221829200_B42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1996.03540050051023","article-title":"Using middle upper arm circumference to assess severe adult malnutrition during famine.","volume":"276","author":"Collins","year":"1996","journal-title":"JAMA."},{"key":"2021121010221829200_B43","first-page":"400","article-title":"CDC criteria for anemia in children and childbearing-aged women.","volume":"38","author":"Centers for Disease Control","year":"1989","journal-title":"MMWR."},{"key":"2021121010221829200_B44","first-page":"S1","article-title":"Interpretation and use of the Western blot assay for serodiagnosis of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection.","volume":"38","author":"Centers for Disease Control","year":"1989","journal-title":"MMWR."},{"key":"2021121010221829200_B45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1639","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-199312000-00015","article-title":"Multiple sexual partners and mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1.","volume":"7","author":"Bulterys","year":"1993","journal-title":"AIDS."},{"key":"2021121010221829200_B46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-199509000-00011","article-title":"HIV-1 and immunological changes during pregnancy: a comparison between HIV-1-seropositive and HIV-1-seronegative women in Nairobi, Kenya.","volume":"9","author":"Temmerman","year":"1995","journal-title":"AIDS."},{"key":"2021121010221829200_B47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1116","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/165.6.1116","article-title":"T lymphocyte subsets during and after pregnancy: analysis in human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected and -uninfected Malawian mothers.","volume":"165","author":"Miotti","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Infect Dis."},{"key":"2021121010221829200_B48"},{"key":"2021121010221829200_B49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(95)90597-9","article-title":"Risk factors for mother-to-child transmission of human immunodeficiency virus-1 infection.","volume":"172","author":"Temmerman","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol."},{"key":"2021121010221829200_B50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1054","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(96)06444-6","article-title":"Late postnatal mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1 in Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire.","volume":"349","author":"Ekpini","year":"1997","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"2021121010221829200_B51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"882","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-199208000-00021","article-title":"Characteristics of newborns and HIV-1 infection in Rwanda.","volume":"6","author":"Lepage","year":"1992","journal-title":"AIDS."},{"key":"2021121010221829200_B52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-199704000-00005","article-title":"Timing of maternal\u2013infant HIV transmission: associations between intrapartum factors and early polymerase chain reaction results.","volume":"11","author":"Kuhn","year":"1997","journal-title":"AIDS."},{"key":"2021121010221829200_B53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3016.1993.tb00419.x","article-title":"Confounding or intermediate effect? An appraisal of iatrogenic bias in perinatal AIDS research.","volume":"7","author":"Bulterys","year":"1993","journal-title":"Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol."},{"key":"2021121010221829200_B54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1097\/00006254-198208000-00001","article-title":"The timing factor in the pathophysiology of the intrauterine growth retardation syndrome.","volume":"37","author":"Villar","year":"1982","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol Surv."},{"key":"2021121010221829200_B55","first-page":"663","article-title":"Determinants of low birth weight: methodological assessment and meta-analysis.","volume":"65","author":"Kramer","year":"1987","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ."},{"key":"2021121010221829200_B56"},{"key":"2021121010221829200_B57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3016.1995.tb00133.x","article-title":"Distribution and determinants of low birthweight in Central Sudan.","volume":"9","author":"Taha","year":"1995","journal-title":"Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol."},{"key":"2021121010221829200_B58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1984.33.517","article-title":"Epidemiology, malaria and pregnancy.","volume":"33","author":"McGregor","year":"1984","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg."},{"key":"2021121010221829200_B59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1993.48.603","article-title":"Gestational malaria: assessment of its consequences on fetal growth.","volume":"48","author":"Meuris","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg."},{"key":"2021121010221829200_B60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/164.1.67","article-title":"Human immunodeficiency virus and malaria in a representative sample of childbearing women in Kigali, Rwanda.","volume":"164","author":"Allen","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Infect Dis."},{"key":"2021121010221829200_B61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/0163-4453(90)91701-E","article-title":"Incidence of malaria and efficacy of oral quinine in patients recently infected with human immunodeficiency virus in Kinshasa, Zaire.","volume":"21","author":"Colebunders","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Infect."},{"key":"2021121010221829200_B62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(90)90306-Y","article-title":"The clinical and parasitological presentation of Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Uganda is unaffected by HIV-1 infection.","volume":"84","author":"Muller","year":"1990","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg."},{"key":"2021121010221829200_B63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-199507000-00009","article-title":"Maternal HIV infection and infant mortality in Malawi: evidence for increased mortality due to placental malaria infection.","volume":"9","author":"Bloland","year":"1995","journal-title":"AIDS."},{"key":"2021121010221829200_B64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2853","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1993.03500220039023","article-title":"Risk for perinatal HIV-1 transmission according to maternal immunologic, virologic, and placental factors.","volume":"269","author":"St Louis","year":"1993","journal-title":"JAMA."},{"key":"2021121010221829200_B65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/20.1.276","article-title":"An assessment of low birthweight risk in primiparae as an indicator of malaria control in pregnancy.","volume":"20","author":"Brabin","year":"1991","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol."},{"key":"2021121010221829200_B66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1593","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(94)93056-2","article-title":"Maternal vitamin A deficiency and mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1.","volume":"343","author":"Semba","year":"1994","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"2021121010221829200_B67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-199703110-00010","article-title":"Vitamin A deficiency and maternal\u2013infant transmission of HIV in two metropolitan areas in the United States.","volume":"11","author":"Greenberg","year":"1997","journal-title":"AIDS."},{"key":"2021121010221829200_B68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"922","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(97)04240-2","article-title":"Hormonal contraception, vitamin A deficiency, and other risk factors for shedding of HIV-1 infected cells from the cervix and vagina.","volume":"350","author":"Mostad","year":"1997","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"2021121010221829200_B69","first-page":"391","article-title":"Vitamin A, folate, and iron concentrations in cord and maternal blood of intra-uterine growth retarded and appropriate birth weight babies.","volume":"49","author":"Rondo","year":"1995","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Nutr."}],"container-title":["Pediatrics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatrics\/article-pdf\/102\/2\/e24\/843164\/e24.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatrics\/article-pdf\/102\/2\/e24\/843164\/e24.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,29]],"date-time":"2023-04-29T05:31:55Z","timestamp":1682746315000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatrics\/article\/102\/2\/e24\/65556\/Perinatal-Human-Immunodeficiency-Virus-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1998,8,1]]},"references-count":69,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1998,8,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1998,8,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.102.2.e24","relation":{},"ISSN":["1098-4275","0031-4005"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1098-4275","type":"electronic"},{"value":"0031-4005","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1998,8,1]]}}}