{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T03:08:33Z","timestamp":1791083313537,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1998,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objective.<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>To study the clinical, laboratory, and treatment features observed in pediatric patients with tuberculous meningitis in Turkey.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Study Design.<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Retrospective case review study.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods.<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Review of medical records for demographic data, medical history, clinical manifestations, auxiliary test results, complications, and treatment of 214 children with central nervous system tuberculosis (TB) admitted to Dicle University's hospital between August 1988 and February 1996.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results.<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Of the 214 patients with tuberculous meningitis, 112 (52%) were male. The mean age at presentation was 4.1 years, with 165 patients (77%) younger than 5 years. Twenty-two patients (10%) were in the first stage of the disease, 120 (56%) in the second, and 72 (34%) in the third. Our epidemiologic data showed that 141 (66%) of the patients had a family history of TB, and 64 (30%) had a Mantoux skin test result of &amp;gt;10 mm of induration. Radiographic studies demonstrated abnormal chest findings in 187 patients (87%) (hilar adenopathy, 33%; infiltrates, 33%; miliary pattern, 20%; and pleural effusions, 1%, and 172 (80%) cases with hydrocephalus, 26% with parenchymal disease, 15% with basilar meningitis, and 2% with tuberculomas. Only 22 (13%) of 164 children had a positive acid-fast bacilli smear in cerebrospinal fluid, andMycobacterium tuberculosis was isolated in 49 patients (30%). All the patients were treated with Isoniazid, rifampin, and streptomycin or pyrazinamide for 2 months, followed by 10 months of Isoniazid and rifampin alone. Also, all the patients received adjuvant treatment with steroids early in the course of treatment, and 140 of 172 cases with hydrocephalus had surgical intervention. The overall mortality rate was 23%.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusion.<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>One or more of these findings: a family history of TB, positive tuberculin skin test results, abnormal cranial computed tomography, and\/or cerebrospinal fluid analysis compatible with TBM were found in all but 3 children in our study. central nervous system, tuberculous meningitis, diagnosis, hydrocephalus, children.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.102.5.e49","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,8,13]],"date-time":"2004-08-13T23:44:32Z","timestamp":1092440672000},"page":"e49-e49","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":156,"title":["Central Nervous System Tuberculosis in Children: A Review of 214 Cases"],"prefix":"10.1542","volume":"102","author":[{"given":"Ahmet","family":"Yaramis\u0327","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Division of Pediatric Diseases, Medical School, Dicle University, Diyarbakir, Turkey;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fuat","family":"Gurkan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Division of Pediatric Diseases, Medical School, Dicle University, Diyarbakir, Turkey;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Murat","family":"Elevli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Diseases, Medical School, Kocaeli University, Kocaeli, Turkey; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Murat","family":"So\u0308ker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Division of Pediatric Diseases, Medical School, Dicle University, Diyarbakir, Turkey;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenan","family":"Haspolat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Division of Pediatric Diseases, Medical School, Dicle University, Diyarbakir, Turkey;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Go\u0308khan","family":"Kirbas\u0327","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Division of Pediatric Diseases, Medical School, Dicle University, Diyarbakir, Turkey;"},{"name":"Department of Pulmonology, Medical Clinic, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. Ali","family":"Tas\u0327","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Division of Pediatric Diseases, Medical School, Dicle University, Diyarbakir, Turkey;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"417","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1998,11,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021121000290840600_B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-199008000-00002","article-title":"Central nervous system tuberculosis in children: a review of 30 cases.","volume":"9","author":"Waecker","year":"1990","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J."},{"key":"2021121000290840600_B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.1976.02120050022004","article-title":"Tuberculous meningitis in childhood: 43 cases.","volume":"130","author":"Idriss","year":"1976","journal-title":"Am J Dis Child."},{"key":"2021121000290840600_B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1979.03290290032021","article-title":"Tuberculous meningitis.","volume":"241","author":"Kennedy","year":"1979","journal-title":"JAMA."},{"key":"2021121000290840600_B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(95)70252-0","article-title":"Clinical and public health aspects of tuberculous meningitis in children.","volume":"127","author":"Doerr","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Pediatr."},{"key":"2021121000290840600_B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(60)80132-1","article-title":"Tuberculous meningitis in children.","volume":"57","author":"Lincoln","year":"1960","journal-title":"J Pediatr."},{"key":"2021121000290840600_B6"},{"key":"2021121000290840600_B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-199011000-00004","article-title":"A randomized trial of fully intermittent vs. daily followed by intermittent short course chemotherapy for childhood tuberculosis.","volume":"9","author":"Kumar","year":"1990","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J."},{"key":"2021121000290840600_B8","first-page":"71","article-title":"Resistance problem to the drugs used in tuberculosis therapy in Diyarbakir region.","volume":"22","author":"Karadag","year":"1995","journal-title":"Dicle J Med School."},{"key":"2021121000290840600_B9"},{"key":"2021121000290840600_B10"},{"key":"2021121000290840600_B11"},{"key":"2021121000290840600_B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-3879(86)90028-0","article-title":"Three chemotherapy studies of tuberculous meningitis in children.","volume":"67","author":"Ramachandran","year":"1986","journal-title":"Tubercle."},{"key":"2021121000290840600_B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1016\/S0025-7125(16)31045-8","article-title":"Tuberculous meningitis.","volume":"69","author":"Molavi","year":"1985","journal-title":"Med Clin North Am."},{"key":"2021121000290840600_B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1093\/tropej\/42.5.256","article-title":"Pediatric meningitis in the Western cape province of South Africa.","volume":"42","author":"Donald","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Trop Pediatr."},{"key":"2021121000290840600_B15","first-page":"260","article-title":"One hundred and sixty-five cases with primary tuberculosis and their relatives.","volume":"19","author":"Gurses","year":"1971","journal-title":"Tuberkuloz ve Toraks."},{"key":"2021121000290840600_B16","first-page":"17","article-title":"Neurological complications of tuberculosis: some unusual manifestations.","volume":"39","author":"Kocen","year":"1970","journal-title":"Q J Med"},{"key":"2021121000290840600_B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1177\/000992286700600318","article-title":"Tuberculous meningitis: modern diagnosis, treatment and prognosis.","volume":"6","author":"Tahemia","year":"1967","journal-title":"Clin Pediatr."},{"key":"2021121000290840600_B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1259\/0007-1285-55-651-189","article-title":"Tuberculous meningitis: a CT study.","volume":"55","author":"Bhargava","year":"1982","journal-title":"Br J Radiol."},{"key":"2021121000290840600_B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1098","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.45.12.1098","article-title":"Diagnostic and prognostic features of tuberculous meningitis on CT scanning.","volume":"45","author":"Bullock","year":"1982","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry."},{"key":"2021121000290840600_B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-200X.1994.tb03229.x","article-title":"Tuberculous meningitis in children.","volume":"36","author":"Altunbasak","year":"1994","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr Jpn"},{"key":"2021121000290840600_B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-3879(90)90069-K","article-title":"Factors of prognostic significance in Chinese children with tuberculous meningitis.","volume":"71","author":"Humphries","year":"1990","journal-title":"Tubercle"},{"key":"2021121000290840600_B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-3955(16)34361-9","article-title":"Treatment of tuberculosis in children.","volume":"30","author":"Lorin","year":"1983","journal-title":"Pediatr Clin North Am."},{"key":"2021121000290840600_B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.99.2.226","article-title":"Effect of corticosteroids on intracranial pressure, computed tomographic findings, and clinical outcome in young children with tuberculous meningitis.","volume":"99","author":"Schoeman","year":"1997","journal-title":"Pediatrics."},{"key":"2021121000290840600_B24"},{"key":"2021121000290840600_B25","first-page":"670","article-title":"Tuberculous meningitis at Cleveland Metropolitan General Hospital, 1959\u20131963.","volume":"95","author":"Hinman","year":"1975","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis."},{"key":"2021121000290840600_B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.epirev.a036046","article-title":"Epidemiology of tuberculosis in the United States.","volume":"11","author":"Rieder","year":"1989","journal-title":"Epidemiol Rev"},{"key":"2021121000290840600_B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.67.4.473","article-title":"Neonatal BCG immunization.","volume":"67","author":"Clarke","year":"1992","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"key":"2021121000290840600_B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.1975.tb111231.x","article-title":"Tuberculous meningitis in childhood.","volume":"1","author":"Smith","year":"1975","journal-title":"Med J Aust"},{"key":"2021121000290840600_B29"},{"key":"2021121000290840600_B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-199203000-00004","article-title":"Intensive short course chemotherapy for tuberculous meningitis.","volume":"11","author":"Jacobs","year":"1992","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J."},{"key":"2021121000290840600_B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1092","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/19.6.1092","article-title":"Paradoxical enlargement or development of intracranial tuberculomas during therapy: case report and review.","volume":"19","author":"Afghani","year":"1994","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis."}],"container-title":["Pediatrics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatrics\/article-pdf\/102\/5\/e49\/840175\/e49.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatrics\/article-pdf\/102\/5\/e49\/840175\/e49.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,10]],"date-time":"2021-12-10T07:27:15Z","timestamp":1639121235000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatrics\/article\/102\/5\/e49\/62014\/Central-Nervous-System-Tuberculosis-in-Children-A"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1998,11,1]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1998,11,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1998,11,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.102.5.e49","relation":{},"ISSN":["1098-4275","0031-4005"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1098-4275","type":"electronic"},{"value":"0031-4005","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1998,11,1]]}}}