{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T09:14:16Z","timestamp":1791191656258,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1999,4,1]]},"abstract":"\n Objectives.<\/jats:title>\n To describe the epidemiology of nosocomial infections in pediatric intensive care units (ICUs) in the United States.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Background.<\/jats:title>\n Patient and ICU characteristics in pediatric ICUs suggest the pattern of nosocomial infections experienced may differ from that seen in adult ICUs.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods.<\/jats:title>\n Data were collected between January 1992 and December 1997 from 61 pediatric ICUs in the United States using the standard surveillance protocols and nosocomial infection site definitions of the National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance System's ICU surveillance component.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results.<\/jats:title>\n Data on 110\u2009709 patients with 6290 nosocomial infections were analyzed. Primary bloodstream infections (28%), pneumonia (21%), and urinary tract infections (15%) were most frequent and were almost always associated with use of an invasive device. Primary bloodstream infections and surgical site infections were reported more frequently in infants aged 2 months or less as compared with older children. Urinary tract infections were reported more frequently in children &gt;5 years old compared with younger children. Coagulase-negative staphylococci (38%) were the most common bloodstream isolates, and aerobic Gram-negative bacilli were reported in 25% of primary bloodstream infections. Pseudomonas aeruginosa (22%) was the most common species reported from pneumonia and Escherichia coli (19%), from urinary tract infections. Enterobacter spp. were isolated with increasing frequency from pneumonia and were the most common Gram-negative isolates from bloodstream infections. Device-associated infection rates for bloodstream infections, pneumonia, and urinary tract infections did not correlate with length of stay, the number of hospital beds, or season.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions.<\/jats:title>\n In pediatric ICUs, bloodstream infections were the most common nosocomial infection. The distribution of infection sites and pathogens differed with age and from that reported from adult ICUs. Device-associated infection rates were the best rates currently available for comparisons between units, because they were not associated with length of stay, the number of beds in the hospital, or season.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.103.4.e39","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,8,13]],"date-time":"2004-08-13T23:45:45Z","timestamp":1092440745000},"page":"e39-e39","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":406,"title":["Nosocomial Infections in Pediatric Intensive Care Units in the United States"],"prefix":"10.1542","volume":"103","author":[{"given":"Michael J.","family":"Richards","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1 From the Hospital Infections Program, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan R.","family":"Edwards","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1 From the Hospital Infections Program, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David H.","family":"Culver","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1 From the Hospital Infections Program, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert P.","family":"Gaynes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1 From the Hospital Infections Program, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"the National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance System","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"417","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1999,4,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021121009354298600_B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-198404000-00008","article-title":"Evaluation of pediatric intensive care.","volume":"12","author":"Pollack","year":"1984","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2021121009354298600_B2"},{"key":"2021121009354298600_B3","first-page":"267","article-title":"Infections in a pediatric intensive care unit.","volume":"141","author":"Brown","year":"1987","journal-title":"Am J Dis Child"},{"key":"2021121009354298600_B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-198803000-00005","article-title":"Nosocomial infections in a pediatric intensive care unit.","volume":"16","author":"Millikan","year":"1988","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2021121009354298600_B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/0196-6553(91)90157-8","article-title":"National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance System. 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