{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,18]],"date-time":"2026-10-18T05:17:51Z","timestamp":1792300671542,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1999,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective.<\/jats:title><jats:p>Although early otitis media (OM) onset predicts later recurrent and chronic OM, little research has been directed at illuminating the role of prenatal exposures in early OM. This prospective study examined prenatal, innate, and early environmental exposures associated with acute otitis media (AOM) onset and recurrent OM (ROM) by age 6 months.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Design and Methods.<\/jats:title><jats:p>Prospective study of 596 infants from a health maintenance organization followed from birth to 6 months. Mothers completed monthly forms on prenatal exposures (diet, medications, and illnesses) and infant risk factors (eg, smoke exposure and child care) during pregnancy and until infants were 6 months old. Urine samples were collected when infants were 2 months of age and analyzed for cotinine and creatinine. Physicians and nurse practitioners examined infants at each clinic visit and completed standard ear examination forms.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results.<\/jats:title><jats:p>Thirty-nine percent had an episode of AOM and 20% had ROM by age 6 months. Using Cox's regression models to control for confounding, respiratory tract infection (relative risk [RR] 7.5), day care (RR 1.7), &amp;gt;1 sibling (RR 1.4), maternal, paternal, and sibling OM history (RR 1.6, 1.5, and 1.7, respectively) were significantly related to early OM onset. ROM was related to respiratory tract infection (RR 9.5), day care (RR 1.9), conjunctivitis (RR 2.0), maternal OM history (RR 1.9), and birth in the fall (RR 2.6). Among prenatal exposures, only high prenatal dietary vitamin C intake was significantly inversely related to early AOM with univariate but not multivariate analysis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion.<\/jats:title><jats:p>Prenatal factors were not linked to early AOM onset with multivariate analysis, but environmental and innate factors play an important role in early AOM onset. Strategies to reduce exposure to environmental variables could reduce rates of early AOM, which could potentially result in declining rates of ROM and chronic OME.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.103.6.1158","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,8,13]],"date-time":"2004-08-13T23:45:45Z","timestamp":1092440745000},"page":"1158-1166","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":123,"title":["Epidemiology of Otitis Media Onset by Six Months of Age"],"prefix":"10.1542","volume":"103","author":[{"given":"Kathleen A.","family":"Daly","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Otitis Media Research Center, and the Departments of"},{"name":"Otolaryngology, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Judith E.","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemiology and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruce R.","family":"Lindgren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biostatistics, University of Minnesota School of Public Health; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mary H.","family":"Meland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HealthPartners, Inc, Minneapolis, Minnesota."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chap T.","family":"Le","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biostatistics, University of Minnesota School of Public Health; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G. 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