{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T20:38:00Z","timestamp":1792615080104,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":165,"publisher":"American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1999,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective.<\/jats:title><jats:p>To identify and to establish the prevalence of ORs for factors associated with increased risk for early-onset group B streptococcal (EOGBS) infection in neonates.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Study Design.<\/jats:title><jats:p>Literature review and reanalysis of published data.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results.<\/jats:title><jats:p>Risk factors for EOGBS infection include group B streptococcal (GBS)-positive vaginal culture at delivery (OR: 204), GBS-positive rectovaginal culture at 28 (OR: 9.64) or 36 weeks gestation (OR: 26.7), vaginal Strep B OIA test positive at delivery (OR: 15.4), birth weight \u2264 2500 g (OR: 7.37), gestation &amp;lt;37 weeks (OR: 4.83), gestation &amp;lt;28 weeks (OR: 21.7), prolonged rupture of membranes (PROM) &amp;gt;18 hours (OR: 7.28), intrapartum fever &amp;gt;37.5\u00b0C (OR: 4.05), intrapartum fever, PROM, or prematurity (OR: 9.74), intrapartum fever or PROM at term (OR: 11.5), chorioamnionitis (OR: 6.43). Chorioamnionitis is reported in most (88%) cases in which neonatal infection occurred despite intrapartum maternal antibiotic therapy. ORs could not be estimated for maternal GBS bacteriuria during pregnancy, with preterm premature rupture of membranes, or with a sibling or twin with invasive GBS disease, but these findings seem to be associated with a very high risk. Multiple gestation is not an independent risk factor for GBS infection.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions.<\/jats:title><jats:p>Mothers with GBS bacteriuria during pregnancy, with another child with GBS disease, or with chorioamnionitis should receive empirical intrapartum antibiotic treatment. Their infants should have complete diagnostic evaluations and receive empirical treatment until infection is excluded by observation and negative cultures because of their particularly high risk for EOGBS infection. Either screening with cultures at 28 weeks gestation or identification of clinical risk factors, ie, PROM, intrapartum fever, or prematurity, may identify parturients whose infants include 65% of those with EOGBS infection. Intrapartum screening using the Strep B OIA rapid test identifies more at-risk infants (75%) than any other method. These risk identifiers may permit judicious selection of patients for prophylactic interventions.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.103.6.e77","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,8,13]],"date-time":"2004-08-13T23:45:45Z","timestamp":1092440745000},"page":"e77-e77","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":202,"title":["Risk Factors for Early-onset Group B Streptococcal Sepsis: Estimation of Odds Ratios by Critical Literature Review"],"prefix":"10.1542","volume":"103","author":[{"given":"William E.","family":"Benitz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Departments of Pediatrics and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey B.","family":"Gould","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Maternal and Child Health Program, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, California."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maurice L.","family":"Druzin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gynecology and Obstetrics, Stanford University, School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"417","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1999,6,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021121002523755100_B1"},{"key":"2021121002523755100_B2","first-page":"25","article-title":"Group B streptococcal disease in the United States, 1990: report from a multistate active surveillance system.","volume":"41","author":"Zangwill","year":"1992","journal-title":"MMWR CDC Surveillance Summary"},{"key":"2021121002523755100_B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/162.3.672","article-title":"Population-based risk factors for neonatal group B streptococcal disease: results of a cohort study in metropolitan Atlanta.","volume":"162","author":"Schuchat","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2021121002523755100_B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-199111000-00002","article-title":"The changing spectrum of group B streptococcal disease in infants: an eleven-year experience in a tertiary care hospital.","volume":"10","author":"Yagupsky","year":"1991","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"2021121002523755100_B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(05)81801-3","article-title":"Early-onset group B streptococcal sepsis: a current assessment.","volume":"121","author":"Weisman","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"2021121002523755100_B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(85)80365-6","article-title":"Sequelae of early-onset group B hemolytic streptococcal neonatal meningitis.","volume":"106","author":"Chin","year":"1985","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"2021121002523755100_B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(85)80342-5","article-title":"Long-term sequelae of group B streptococcal meningitis in infants.","volume":"106","author":"Edwards","year":"1985","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"2021121002523755100_B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.77.2.217","article-title":"Long-term outcome of group B streptococcal meningitis.","volume":"77","author":"Wald","year":"1986","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2021121002523755100_B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.76.3.415","article-title":"Association of septic shock caused by early-onset group B streptococcal sepsis and periventricular leukomalacia in the preterm infant.","volume":"76","author":"Faix","year":"1985","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2021121002523755100_B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.1983.tb09777.x","article-title":"Early onset group B streptococcal disease: seven year experience and clinical scoring system.","volume":"72","author":"Lannering","year":"1983","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr Scand"},{"key":"2021121002523755100_B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-199011000-00009","article-title":"A ten-year review of neonatal sepsis and comparison with the previous fifty-year experience.","volume":"9","author":"Gladstone","year":"1990","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"2021121002523755100_B12"},{"key":"2021121002523755100_B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(76)90065-X","article-title":"Antibiotic treatment of parturient women colonized with group B streptococci.","volume":"124","author":"Hall","year":"1976","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"2021121002523755100_B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-7292(93)90453-4","article-title":"ACOG Technical Bulletin. 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