{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T22:14:43Z","timestamp":1791065683777,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1999,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective.<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study was designed to determine whether a relationship exists between previous exposure to measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) by natural infection or vaccination or by new immunization with MMR vaccine, and either the presence or levels of autoantibodies against thyroid cell and pancreatic \u03b2-cell antigens.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods.<\/jats:title><jats:p>Antibodies against MMR and autoantibodies against thyroglobulin, thyroid peroxidase, pancreas islet cells (ICA), islet cell surface, glutamic acid decarboxylase 65k autoantibodies, and insulin were studied before, and 3 months after, vaccination with combined MMR vaccine in 386 school children between 11 and 13 years of age.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results.<\/jats:title><jats:p>The vaccination changed neither the prevalence nor the level of autoantibodies. Children with rubella antibodies before vaccination had higher levels of ICA than did the rubella seronegative children. In contrast, thyroid autoantibody levels and prevalence were lower in children with antibodies against measles, mumps, or both before vaccination than in children without those antibodies.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions.<\/jats:title><jats:p>Previous natural infection or vaccination against measles, mumps, or both seemed to have an inhibitory effect on the development of thyroid autoantibodies. In contrast, children with previous exposure to rubella had higher levels of ICA. No evidence was found that MMR vaccination during adolescence may trigger autoimmunity.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.104.1.e12","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,8,13]],"date-time":"2004-08-13T23:45:45Z","timestamp":1092440745000},"page":"e12-e12","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["Previous Exposure to Measles, Mumps, and Rubella\u2014but Not Vaccination During Adolescence\u2014Correlates to the Prevalence of Pancreatic and Thyroid Autoantibodies"],"prefix":"10.1542","volume":"104","author":[{"given":"Bengt","family":"Lindberg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Departments of Pediatrics,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karin","family":"Ahlfors","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Microbiology,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annelie","family":"Carlsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatrics and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ulla-Britt","family":"Ericsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Research, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mona","family":"Landin-Olsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medicine, University Hospital, Lund University, Lund, Sweden; the Department of"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u212bke","family":"Lernmark","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johnny","family":"Ludvigsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatrics, University of Linko\u0308ping; and the Department of"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Go\u0308ran","family":"Sundkvist","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrinology, Malmo\u0308 University Hospital, Malmo\u0308, Sweden; Departments of"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sten-Anders","family":"Ivarsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Departments of Pediatrics,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"417","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1999,7,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021121003020886500_B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00265396","article-title":"The Swedish childhood diabetes study: results from a nine year case register and one year case-referent study indicating that type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus is associated with both type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus and autoimmune disorders.","volume":"32","author":"Dahlquist","year":"1989","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"2021121003020886500_B2"},{"key":"2021121003020886500_B3"},{"key":"2021121003020886500_B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1279","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(74)90140-8","article-title":"Islet cell antibodies in diabetes mellitus with autoimmune polyendocrine deficiencies.","volume":"2","author":"Bottazzo","year":"1974","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"2021121003020886500_B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1273","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(76)92033-X","article-title":"Islet cell antibodies in diabetes mellitus.","volume":"2","author":"Lendrum","year":"1976","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2021121003020886500_B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(84)91278-9","article-title":"Fluctuating islet cell autoimmunity in unaffected relatives of patients with insulin-dependent diabetes.","volume":"1","author":"Spencer","year":"1984","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2021121003020886500_B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-5491.1987.tb00881.x","article-title":"Islet cell antibodies-theoretical and practical implications.","volume":"4","author":"Lernmark","year":"1987","journal-title":"Diabetic Med"},{"key":"2021121003020886500_B8"},{"key":"2021121003020886500_B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1038\/298167a0","article-title":"Autoantibodies in newly diagnosed diabetic children immunoprecipitate human pancreatic islet proteins.","volume":"298","author":"Baekkeskov","year":"1982","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2021121003020886500_B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"926","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI112903","article-title":"Antibodies to a Mr 64\u2009000 human islet cell antigen precede the clinical onset of insulin dependent diabetes.","volume":"79","author":"Baekkeskov","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"2021121003020886500_B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1038\/347151a0","article-title":"Identification of the 64k autoantigen in insulin-dependent diabetes as the GABA-synthesizing enzyme glutamic acid decarboxylase.","volume":"347","author":"Baekkeskov","year":"1990","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2021121003020886500_B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00264766","article-title":"Antibodies to a Mr-64\u2009000 islet cell protein in Swedish children with newly diagnosed type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes.","volume":"31","author":"Christie","year":"1988","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"2021121003020886500_B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1337","DOI":"10.1126\/science.6362005","article-title":"Insulin antibodies in insulin-dependent diabetics before insulin treatment.","volume":"222","author":"Palmer","year":"1983","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2021121003020886500_B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(85)92086-0","article-title":"Value of insulin autoantibodies as serum markers for insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.","volume":"1","author":"Wilkin","year":"1985","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2021121003020886500_B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00586462","article-title":"The third international workshop on the standardization of insulin antibody measurement.","volume":"33","author":"Palmer","year":"1990","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"2021121003020886500_B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1608","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI116745","article-title":"Islet cell antigens in insulin-dependent diabetes.","volume":"92","author":"Atkinson","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Clin Invest."},{"key":"2021121003020886500_B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(84)81097-5","article-title":"Autoimmunity in congenital rubella syndrome.","volume":"104","author":"Clarke","year":"1984","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"2021121003020886500_B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(78)90001-6","article-title":"Rubella infection and diabetes mellitus.","volume":"1","author":"Menser","year":"1978","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2021121003020886500_B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(82)91126-6","article-title":"Diabetes mellitus, endocrine autoantibodies and prenatal rubella infection.","volume":"2","author":"Schopfer","year":"1982","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2021121003020886500_B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM189905181402001","article-title":"A case of diabetes mellitus quickly following mumps.","volume":"160","author":"Harris","year":"1899","journal-title":"Boston Med Surg J"},{"key":"2021121003020886500_B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.2.3331.802","article-title":"Acute diabetes following mumps.","volume":"2","author":"Patrick","year":"1924","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"2021121003020886500_B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1160","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(80)92595-7","article-title":"Coxsackie-B-virus responses in patients with cardiac disease and other diseases.","volume":"2","author":"El-Hagrassy","year":"1980","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2021121003020886500_B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1397","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(83)92353-X","article-title":"Coxsackie-B-virus-specific IgM responses in children with insulin-dependent (juvenile-onset type 1) diabetes mellitus.","volume":"1","author":"King","year":"1983","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2021121003020886500_B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(88)92941-8","article-title":"Association of cytomegalovirus infection with autoimmune type 1 diabetes.","volume":"2","author":"Pak","year":"1988","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2021121003020886500_B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00404146","article-title":"Human pancreatic islet cell specific 38 kilodalton autoantigen identified by cytomegalovirus-induced monoclonal islet cell autoantibody.","volume":"33","author":"Pak","year":"1990","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"2021121003020886500_B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(79)90853-5","article-title":"Congenital cytomegalovirus infection and diabetes.","volume":"1","author":"Ward","year":"1979","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2021121003020886500_B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.77.5.384","article-title":"Early infection and subsequent insulin dependent diabetes.","volume":"77","author":"Gibbon","year":"1997","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"key":"2021121003020886500_B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1097\/00019048-199706070-00007","article-title":"The timing of pediatric immunization and the risk of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.","volume":"6","author":"Classen","year":"1997","journal-title":"Infect Dis Clin Pract"},{"key":"2021121003020886500_B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.3109\/00365518409083601","article-title":"A new sensitive immunosorbent radioassay for the detection of circulating antibodies to polypeptide hormones and protein.","volume":"44","author":"Ericsson","year":"1984","journal-title":"Scand J Clin Lab Invest"},{"key":"2021121003020886500_B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00299026","article-title":"Prolonged incubation in the two-colour immunofluorescence test increases the prevalence and titres of islet cell antibodies in type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus.","volume":"30","author":"Landin-Olsson","year":"1987","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"2021121003020886500_B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00456121","article-title":"A two-colour immunofluorescence test with a monoclonal human proinsulin antibody improves the assay for islet cell antibodies.","volume":"29","author":"Madsen","year":"1986","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"2021121003020886500_B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-1759(88)90274-8","article-title":"Serum exchange and use of dilutions have improved precision of measurement of islet cell antibodies.","volume":"106","author":"Bonifacio","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Immunol Methods"},{"key":"2021121003020886500_B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1570","DOI":"10.2337\/diab.41.12.1570","article-title":"Improved specificity of ICA assays in the fourth international immunology of diabetes serum exchange workshop.","volume":"42","author":"Greenbaum","year":"1992","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"2021121003020886500_B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00408469","article-title":"A novel radioligand binding assay to determine diagnostic accuracy of isoform-specific glutamic acid decarboxylase antibodies in childhood IDDM.","volume":"37","author":"Grubin","year":"1994","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"2021121003020886500_B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-1759(95)00139-2","article-title":"Radioimmunoassays for glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD65) and GAD65 autoantibodies using 35S or 3H recombinant human ligands.","volume":"186","author":"Falorni","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Immunol Methods"},{"key":"2021121003020886500_B36","first-page":"1","article-title":"Islet cell surface antibodies in diabetic children determined with 125I-labelled anti-IgG as tracer.","volume":"20","author":"Hellstro\u0308m","year":"1992","journal-title":"Diabetes Res"},{"key":"2021121003020886500_B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.1.6.491-494.1975","article-title":"Hemolysis-in-gel test for the demonstration of antibodies to rubella virus.","volume":"1","author":"Stranneg\u00e5rd","year":"1975","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"2021121003020886500_B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(87)90507-1","article-title":"Molecular mimicry and autoimmune disease.","volume":"50","author":"Oldstone","year":"1987","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2021121003020886500_B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00418272","article-title":"The Swedish childhood diabetes study: vaccinations and infections as risk determinants for diabetes in childhood.","volume":"34","author":"Blom","year":"1991","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"2021121003020886500_B40","first-page":"416","article-title":"Neonatal thrombocytopenic purpura and other manifestations of rubella contracted in utero.","volume":"7","author":"Cooper","year":"1965","journal-title":"Am J Dis Child"},{"key":"2021121003020886500_B41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(71)90057-2","article-title":"High frequency of diabetes mellitus in young adults with congenital rubella.","volume":"2","author":"Forrest","year":"1971","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2021121003020886500_B42"},{"key":"2021121003020886500_B43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.2337\/diab.44.4.408","article-title":"Maternal enteroviral infection during pregnancy as a risk factor for childhood IDDM.","volume":"44","author":"Dahlquist","year":"1995","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"2021121003020886500_B44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02427277","article-title":"Islet cell antibodies and the development of diabetes mellitus in relation to mumps infection and mumps vaccination.","volume":"29","author":"Helmke","year":"1986","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"2021121003020886500_B45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.50.9.749-a","article-title":"Diabetes mellitus after mumps vaccination.","volume":"30","author":"Sinaniotis","year":"1975","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"key":"2021121003020886500_B46","first-page":"354","article-title":"Pancreatic islet-cell damage in children with fatal virus infections.","volume":"2","author":"Jensen","year":"1980","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2021121003020886500_B47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/S0928-0197(98)00011-7","article-title":"Coxsackie B virus infection and \u03b2 cell autoantibodies in newly diagnosed IDDM adult patients.","volume":"9","author":"Andreoletti","year":"1998","journal-title":"Clin Diagn Virol."},{"key":"2021121003020886500_B48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197905243002102","article-title":"Virus-induced diabetes mellitus: isolation of a virus from the pancreas of a child with diabetic ketoacidosis.","volume":"300","author":"Yoon","year":"1979","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2021121003020886500_B49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3080","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.150.7.3080","article-title":"Monoclonal antibody to rubella virus capsid protein recognizes a \u03b2-cell antigen.","volume":"150","author":"Karounos","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"2021121003020886500_B50"},{"key":"2021121003020886500_B51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1007\/s001250050642","article-title":"A search for evidence of viral infection in pancreas of newly diagnosed patients with IDDM.","volume":"40","author":"Foulis","year":"1997","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"2021121003020886500_B52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.1890420217","article-title":"Failure to detect genomic viral sequences in pancreatic tissues from two children with acute-onset diabetes mellitus.","volume":"42","author":"Buesa-Gomez","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"2021121003020886500_B53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00275655","article-title":"Congenital rubella syndrome as a model for type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus: increased prevalence of islet cell surface antibodies.","volume":"27","author":"Ginsberg-Fellner","year":"1984","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"2021121003020886500_B54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-5491.1990.tb01458.x","article-title":"Does exposure to rubella virus generate endocrine autoimmunity?","volume":"7","author":"Bodansky","year":"1990","journal-title":"Diabetic Med"},{"key":"2021121003020886500_B55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00903356","article-title":"Islet cell antibodies, mumps infection and mumps vaccination.","volume":"29","author":"Vanndrager","year":"1986","journal-title":"Diabetologia."},{"key":"2021121003020886500_B56","first-page":"111","article-title":"Mumps infections in the etiology of type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes.","volume":"9","author":"Hyo\u0308ty","year":"1988","journal-title":"Diabetes Res"}],"container-title":["Pediatrics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatrics\/article-pdf\/104\/1\/e12\/842431\/e12.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatrics\/article-pdf\/104\/1\/e12\/842431\/e12.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,18]],"date-time":"2024-12-18T07:34:58Z","timestamp":1734507298000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatrics\/article\/104\/1\/e12\/62532\/Previous-Exposure-to-Measles-Mumps-and-Rubella-but"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1999,7,1]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1999,7,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1999,7,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.104.1.e12","relation":{},"ISSN":["1098-4275","0031-4005"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1098-4275","type":"electronic"},{"value":"0031-4005","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1999,7,1]]}}}