{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T06:37:58Z","timestamp":1790145478450,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":187,"publisher":"American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1999,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>We present a two-component model of brain white matter damage in preterm neonates. The insult component comprises infection and hypoxia-ischemia, which are both associated with inflammation-related abnormalities in the white matter. The developmental component comprises at least three factors, ie, immaturity of the ependymal\/endothelial, oligodendroglial, and endogenous protection systems. All three factors are likely contributors to an increased vulnerability of the preterm newborn's white matter. In this article, we focus on recent developments in oligodendrocyte biology that support the view of certain cytokines and growth factors as oligotrophins based on their capability to enhance oligodendrocyte development or survival. We suggest that research into networks of developmentally regulated endogenous protectors (such as oligotrophins) is necessary to broaden our perspectives in brain injury prevention in preterm newborns.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.104.3.541","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,8,13]],"date-time":"2004-08-13T23:45:45Z","timestamp":1092440745000},"page":"541-550","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":97,"title":["Brain Damage in Preterm Newborns: Might Enhancement of Developmentally Regulated Endogenous Protection Open a Door for Prevention?"],"prefix":"10.1542","volume":"104","author":[{"given":"Olaf","family":"Dammann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1 From the Neuroepidemiology Unit, Department of Neurology, Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alan","family":"Leviton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1 From the Neuroepidemiology Unit, Department of Neurology, Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"417","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1999,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021121002584584400_B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1159\/000244344","article-title":"Incidence of ischemic-hemorrhagic cerebral lesions in premature infants of gestational age \u226428 weeks: a prospective ultrasound study.","volume":"70","author":"Claris","year":"1996","journal-title":"Biol Neonate."},{"key":"2021121002584584400_B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.epirev.a036128","article-title":"Epidemiology of preterm birth.","volume":"15","author":"Berkowitz","year":"1993","journal-title":"Epidemiol Rev."},{"key":"2021121002584584400_B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"954","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.1996.tb14193.x","article-title":"The changing panorama of cerebral palsy in Sweden. 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