{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T01:36:15Z","timestamp":1775093775492,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1999,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objective.<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>To determine the prevalence, relative risks, and attributable fractions for congenital bilateral sensorineural hearing impairment in relation to lower birth weight among children born in the 1980s and living in the metropolitan Atlanta area from 1991 through 1993.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods.<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We used the population-based, active case ascertainment Metropolitan Atlanta Developmental Disabilities Surveillance Program that conducts surveillance in the five-county metropolitan Atlanta area. Hearing impairment was defined as a bilateral, pure-tone hearing loss at frequencies of 500, 1000, and 2000 Hz averaging 40 dBs or more, unaided, in the better ear. Case children, 3 to 10 years of age, with sensorineural loss of presumed congenital origin were included in these analyses (n = 172). Prevalence rates and relative risks were computed for various birth weight categories by hearing level, sex, race, the presence or absence of coexisting developmental disabilities, and gestational age. Attributable fractions were calculated for low birth weight and very low birth weight children by race.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results.<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The overall prevalence rate of presumed congenital bilateral sensorineural hearing impairment was 5.3 cases per 10\u2009000 3-year survivors. The prevalence was 4.1 per 10\u2009000 among children weighing \u22654000 g, 3.7 per 10\u2009000 among those weighing 3000 to 3999 g, 6.6 per 10\u2009000 among those 2500 to 2999 g, 12.7 per 10\u2009000 among those 1500 to 2499 g, and 51.0 per 10\u2009000 among those &amp;lt;1500 g. There was virtually no difference in birth weight-specific rates of hearing impairment across three hearing levels. The presence of coexisting developmental disabilities was associated with a much stronger inverse trend with birth weight. Black children weighing &amp;lt;2500 g had much higher rates of hearing impairment than comparable white children. The overall percentage of moderate to profound congenital bilateral sensorineural hearing loss in the entire study population that was attributable to children weighing &amp;lt;2500 g or &amp;lt;1500 g was estimated to be 18.9% and 9.4%, respectively. Prematurity did not alter the magnitude of risk among children weighing &amp;lt;2500 g.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions.<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The results presented here provide recent estimates of the rates, relative risks, and attributable fractions for congenital bilateral sensorineural hearing impairment by birth weight among children in the United States. The elevated relative risks among children weighing 2500 to 2999 g and 1500 to 2499 g may have implications for future newborn hearing screening criteria.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.104.4.905","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,8,13]],"date-time":"2004-08-13T23:45:45Z","timestamp":1092440745000},"page":"905-910","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["Relative and Attributable Risks for Moderate to Profound Bilateral Sensorineural Hearing Impairment Associated With Lower Birth  Weight in Children 3 to 10 Years Old"],"prefix":"10.1542","volume":"104","author":[{"given":"Kim","family":"Van Naarden","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1From the Developmental Disabilities Branch, Division of Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pierre","family":"Decoufle\u0301","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1From the Developmental Disabilities Branch, Division of Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"417","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1999,10,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021121002570766600_B1"},{"key":"2021121002570766600_B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1957","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(98)06359-4","article-title":"Controlled trial of universal neonatal screening for early identification of permanent childhood hearing impairment.","volume":"352","author":"Wessex Universal Neonatal Hearing Screening Trial 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Otorhinolaryngol."},{"key":"2021121002570766600_B10","first-page":"528","article-title":"Changing prognosis for very low birth weight infants.","volume":"74","author":"Ehrenhaft","year":"1989","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol."},{"key":"2021121002570766600_B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3016.1995.tb00168.x","article-title":"Low birthweight and the risk for mental retardation later in childhood.","volume":"9","author":"Mervis","year":"1995","journal-title":"Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol."},{"key":"2021121002570766600_B12","first-page":"277","article-title":"Hearing impairment in children of low birth weight.","volume":"19","author":"Clarke","year":"1979","journal-title":"J Auditory Res."},{"key":"2021121002570766600_B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-5876(93)90192-6","article-title":"Hearing loss in very preterm and very low birthweight infants at the age of 5 years in a nationwide cohort.","volume":"26","author":"Veen","year":"1993","journal-title":"Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol."},{"key":"2021121002570766600_B14","first-page":"1","article-title":"Prevalence of selected developmental disabilities in children 3\u201310 years of age: the Metropolitan Atlanta Developmental Disabilities Surveillance Program, 1991.","volume":"45","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"1996","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep."},{"key":"2021121002570766600_B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/10.3.247","article-title":"Congenital malformations surveillance: two American systems.","volume":"10","author":"Edmonds","year":"1981","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol."},{"key":"2021121002570766600_B16"},{"key":"2021121002570766600_B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/7.2.175","article-title":"Calculation of attributable risks from epidemiological 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loss.","volume":"14","author":"Mauk","year":"1993","journal-title":"Semin Hear"},{"key":"2021121002570766600_B23"},{"key":"2021121002570766600_B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1501","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-3955(16)36803-1","article-title":"Sensorineural hearing loss.","volume":"36","author":"Epstein","year":"1989","journal-title":"Pediatr Clin North Am."},{"key":"2021121002570766600_B25"},{"key":"2021121002570766600_B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1097\/00003446-199110000-00003","article-title":"The effectiveness of screening programs based on high-risk characteristics in early identification of hearing loss.","volume":"12","author":"Mauk","year":"1991","journal-title":"Ear Hear."},{"key":"2021121002570766600_B27","first-page":"13","article-title":"Early identification of congenital sensorineural hearing impairment.","volume":"40","author":"Elssmann","year":"1987","journal-title":"Hearing 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