{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,19]],"date-time":"2025-09-19T10:48:43Z","timestamp":1758278923645,"version":"3.40.5"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1999,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>In the United States, 50% of all retinoblastoma cases are diagnosed after the observation of leukocoria by a family member or primary care physician. However, leukocoria produced by retinoblastoma lesions can often be missed by direct ophthalmoscopic examination through an undilated pupil. The purpose of this study is to demonstrate the utility of pupillary dilation for the detection of leukocoria in suspected cases. Seven patients (10 eyes), aged 2 days to 20 months, with retinoblastoma were examined for leukocoria using a direct ophthalmoscope with the pupils first undilated and then after pharmacologic dilation with 0.5% cyclopentolate and 2.5% phenylephrine. Leukocoria was detected by direct ophthalmoscopy on undilated examination in 3 of 10 eyes (30%). In contrast, leukocoria was observed after pupillary dilation in 10 of 10 eyes (100%). The retinoblastoma lesions, from 2 to 10 mm in diameter, were located within the posterior 45\u00b0 of the retina. Pupillary dilation is a safe and effective tool that can enhance the ability of the examiner to detect leukocoria. Dilation may afford early diagnosis and treatment, and therefore should be considered on patients in whom the diagnosis of retinoblastoma is entertained.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.104.4.e44","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,8,13]],"date-time":"2004-08-13T23:45:45Z","timestamp":1092440745000},"page":"e44-e44","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Utility of Pupillary Dilation for Detecting Leukocoria in Patients With Retinoblastoma"],"prefix":"10.1542","volume":"104","author":[{"given":"John C.","family":"Canzano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1 From the Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"James T.","family":"Handa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1 From the Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"417","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1999,10,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021121002545165000_B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1204","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1980.01020040056003","article-title":"Incidence of retinoblastoma in the United States.","volume":"98","author":"Prendergrass","year":"1980","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"2021121002545165000_B2","first-page":"161","article-title":"Retinoblastoma and subband deletion of chromosome 13.","volume":"132","author":"Yunis","year":"1978","journal-title":"Am J Dis Child"},{"key":"2021121002545165000_B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(80)35193-2","article-title":"Gene carrier detection in retinoblastoma.","volume":"87","author":"Gallie","year":"1980","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"2021121002545165000_B4"},{"key":"2021121002545165000_B5"},{"key":"2021121002545165000_B6","first-page":"596","article-title":"The surgical management of retinoblastoma.","volume":"11","author":"Abramson","year":"1980","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Surg"},{"key":"2021121002545165000_B7"},{"key":"2021121002545165000_B8","first-page":"977","article-title":"Treatment of retinoblastoma with cryotherapy.","volume":"42","author":"Shields","year":"1990","journal-title":"Trans Pa Acad Ophthalmol Otolaryngol"},{"key":"2021121002545165000_B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1990.01070040057030","article-title":"The role of photocoagulation in the management of retinoblastoma.","volume":"108","author":"Shields","year":"1990","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"2021121002545165000_B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1321","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1996.01100140521001","article-title":"Chemotherapy with focal therapy can cure intraocular retinoblastoma without radiotherapy.","volume":"114","author":"Gallie","year":"1996","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"2021121002545165000_B11","first-page":"283","article-title":"The diagnosis of retinoblastoma.","volume":"64","author":"Abramson","year":"1988","journal-title":"Bull NY Acad Med."},{"key":"2021121002545165000_B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1348","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1996.01100140548005","article-title":"Chemotherapy plus local treatment in the management of intraocular retinoblastoma.","volume":"114","author":"Murphree","year":"1996","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"2021121002545165000_B13","first-page":"283","article-title":"The diagnosis of retinoblastoma.","volume":"64","author":"Abramson","year":"1988","journal-title":"Bull NY Acad Med."},{"key":"2021121002545165000_B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1243","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9394(63)90196-X","article-title":"Psychotic reaction induced by cyclopentolate.","volume":"56","author":"Binkhorst","year":"1963","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"2021121002545165000_B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.3928\/0191-3913-19780301-14","article-title":"Systemic response to eyedrops in neonates: mydriatrics in neonates.","volume":"15","author":"Caputo","year":"1978","journal-title":"J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus"},{"key":"2021121002545165000_B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.68.2.231","article-title":"Increased blood pressure following pupillary dilation with 2.5% phenylephrine hydrochloride in preterm infants.","volume":"68","author":"Lees","year":"1981","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2021121002545165000_B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.63.12.817","article-title":"Acute closed-angle glaucoma: an investigation into the effect of delay in treatment.","volume":"63","author":"Hillman","year":"1979","journal-title":"Br J Opthalmol"}],"container-title":["Pediatrics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatrics\/article-pdf\/104\/4\/e44\/842200\/e44.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatrics\/article-pdf\/104\/4\/e44\/842200\/e44.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,29]],"date-time":"2023-04-29T05:31:18Z","timestamp":1682746278000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatrics\/article\/104\/4\/e44\/62366\/Utility-of-Pupillary-Dilation-for-Detecting"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1999,10,1]]},"references-count":17,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1999,10,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1999,10,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.104.4.e44","relation":{},"ISSN":["1098-4275","0031-4005"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1098-4275"},{"type":"print","value":"0031-4005"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1999,10,1]]}}}