{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T08:56:47Z","timestamp":1792659407563,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background.<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Although childhood obesity may have detrimental consequences for childhood self-esteem, the prevalence and magnitude of this problem is controversial. In addition, the social and emotional effects of decreased self-esteem in obese children are unknown.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods.<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 1520 children, 9 to 10 years of age, born to mothers in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth were studied. Comprehensive demographic data including race and family income were available in 97% of the cohort. Self-esteem was measured using Self-Perception Profile for Children. The 4-year follow-up Self-Perception Profile for Children scores were available in 79% of the children. Obesity was defined as a body mass index greater than the 95th percentile for age and gender. Additional data include a self-administered questionnaire at 13 to 14 years of age concerning emotional well being, smoking, and alcohol consumption. Data were stratified by race and gender. The data were weighted to reflect a nationally representative sample of children born to mothers 17 to 28 years of age.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results.<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Scholastic and global self-esteem scores were not significantly different among 9- to 10-year-old obese and nonobese children. However, over the 4-year period, obese Hispanic females and obese white females showed significantly decreased levels of global self-esteem compared with nonobese Hispanic females and nonobese white females, respectively. Mild decreases in self-esteem also were observed in obese boys compared with nonobese boys. As a result, by 13 to 14 years of age, significantly lower levels of self-esteem were observed in obese boys, obese Hispanic girls, and obese white girls compared with their nonobese counterparts. Decreasing levels of self-esteem in obese children were associated with significantly increased rates of sadness, loneliness, and nervousness compared with obese children whose self-esteem increased or remained unchanged. In addition, obese children with decreasing levels of self-esteem over the 4-year period were more likely to smoke and drink alcohol compared with obese children whose self-esteem increased or remained unchanged.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion.<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Obese Hispanic and white females demonstrate significantly lower levels of self-esteem by early adolescence. In addition, obese children with decreasing levels of self-esteem demonstrate significantly higher rates of sadness, loneliness, and nervousness and are more likely to engage in high-risk behaviors such as smoking or consuming alcohol.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.105.1.e15","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,8,13]],"date-time":"2004-08-13T19:50:41Z","timestamp":1092426641000},"page":"e15-e15","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":677,"title":["Childhood Obesity and Self-Esteem"],"prefix":"10.1542","volume":"105","author":[{"given":"Richard S.","family":"Strauss","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1From the Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson School of Medicine, New Brunswick, New Jersey."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"417","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2000,1,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021121009241529300_B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.3928\/0090-4481-19750501-09","article-title":"Emotional aspects of obesity in children.","volume":"4","author":"Bruch","year":"1975","journal-title":"Pediatr Ann"},{"key":"2021121009241529300_B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/32.2.470","article-title":"Self-perceptions of the stigma of overweight in relationship to weight losing patterns.","volume":"32","author":"Allon","year":"1979","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"2021121009241529300_B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3999(73)90009-3","article-title":"A comparison of psychological adjustment of obese vs non-obese children.","volume":"17","author":"Sallade","year":"1973","journal-title":"J Psychosom Res"},{"key":"2021121009241529300_B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1093\/jpepsy\/10.3.337","article-title":"Personal and interpersonal characteristics associated with childhood obesity.","volume":"10","author":"Strauss","year":"1985","journal-title":"J Pediatr Psychiatry"},{"key":"2021121009241529300_B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1104","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.52.6.1104","article-title":"Self-concept in obese and normal-weight children.","volume":"52","author":"Wadden","year":"1984","journal-title":"J Consult Clin Psychol"},{"key":"2021121009241529300_B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.2466\/pms.1982.54.3.899","article-title":"Relation between body-esteem and self-esteem of obese and normal children.","volume":"54","author":"Mendelson","year":"1982","journal-title":"Percept Mot Skills"},{"key":"2021121009241529300_B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(86)80407-3","article-title":"Childhood obesity and self-esteem.","volume":"109","author":"Kaplan","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"2021121009241529300_B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.60.5.793","article-title":"Relationship between psychosocial functioning and body fat in preschool children: a longitudinal investigation.","volume":"60","author":"Klesges","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Consult Clin Psychol"},{"key":"2021121009241529300_B9"},{"key":"2021121009241529300_B10"},{"key":"2021121009241529300_B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"904","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0800971","article-title":"Validity of self-reported height and weight in young adolescents.","volume":"23","author":"Strauss","year":"1999","journal-title":"Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord"},{"key":"2021121009241529300_B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/54.5.773","article-title":"Reference data for obesity: 85th and 95th percentiles of body mass index and triceps skin folds. 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