{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T01:18:04Z","timestamp":1772759884365,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background.<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Recombinant granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (rG-CSF) has been suggested as a treatment for certain varieties of neonatal neutropenia, but little is known about the pharmacologic disposition of rG-CSF in that population.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods.<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Ten neutropenic neonates were treated with rG-CSF, 10 \u03bcg\/kg intravenously once daily for 3 to 5 days. Serum and urine samples were obtained before rG-CSF dosing and at intervals thereafter for G-CSF quantification by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results.<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Five of the neutropenic neonates (termed group 1) were not infected but likely had hyporegenerative neutropenia (4 were born after pregnancy-induced hypertension\/intrauterine growth restriction, and 1 had Rh hemolytic disease). Five other infants (group 2) had neutropenia accompanying bacterial sepsis and shock. Before receiving the first dose of rG-CSF, endogenous G-CSF serum and urine concentrations were relatively low in group 1, averaging 130 pg\/mL (range: 48\u2013209) in serum and 53 pg\/mL (range: 15\u2013141) in urine. Serum concentrations immediately before the final dose were much higher (range: 81\u201324\u2009835 pg\/mL), whereas urine concentrations were unchanged (range: &amp;lt;7 pg\/mL\u2013126 pg\/mL). In group 2 patients, before receiving the first-dose of rG-CSF, endogenous concentrations were very high, averaging 59\u2009575 pg\/mL (range: 20\u2009028\u201398\u2009280) in serum and 3189 pg\/mL (range: 23\u20134770) in urine. Predose serum concentrations before the final dose (range: 427\u201314\u2009460 pg\/mL) were lower than before the first dose. The area under the concentration curve after the first dose of rG-CSF administration in group 1 was significantly lower than after the first dose in group 2, but no difference in area under the concentration curve was observed between groups 1 and 2 after the last dose of rG-CSF.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Speculation.<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The principal means of clearing G-CSF from the serum is by saturable binding to specific G-CSF receptors (G-CSF-Rs). Therefore, the very high G-CSF serum and urine concentrations of group 2 patients before the first rG-CSF dose implies that their G-CSF-Rs were saturated before the dose was given. We speculate that if G-CSF-Rs are saturated with endogenous G-CSF, treatment with rG-CSF will add little or nothing to the granulocytopoietic effort. On this basis, we judge that neonates with septic shock and neutropenia are unlikely to derive benefit from rG-CSF administration.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.105.2.392","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,8,13]],"date-time":"2004-08-13T23:50:41Z","timestamp":1092441041000},"page":"392-397","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor Serum and Urine Concentrations in Neutropenic Neonates Before and After Intravenous Administration of Recombinant Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor"],"prefix":"10.1542","volume":"105","author":[{"given":"Darlene A.","family":"Calhoun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1 From the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, and the Clinical Research Center, University of Florida College of Medicine, and the Department of Pharmacy Practice, Shands Teaching Hospital, Gainesville, Florida."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mathilde","family":"Lun\u00f8e","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1 From the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, and the Clinical Research Center, University of Florida College of Medicine, and the Department of Pharmacy Practice, Shands Teaching Hospital, Gainesville, Florida."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1 From the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, and the Clinical Research Center, University of Florida College of Medicine, and the Department of Pharmacy Practice, Shands Teaching Hospital, Gainesville, Florida."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alan D.","family":"Hutson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1 From the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, and the Clinical Research Center, University of Florida College of Medicine, and the Department of Pharmacy Practice, Shands Teaching Hospital, Gainesville, Florida."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Veerman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1 From the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, and the Clinical Research Center, University of Florida College of Medicine, and the Department of Pharmacy Practice, Shands Teaching Hospital, Gainesville, Florida."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert D.","family":"Christensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1 From the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, and the Clinical Research Center, University of Florida College of Medicine, and the Department of Pharmacy Practice, Shands Teaching Hospital, Gainesville, Florida."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"417","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2000,2,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021121003040019200_B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2496","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V81.10.2496.2496","article-title":"A randomized controlled phase III trial of recombinant human granulocyte colony stimulating factor (filgrastim) for treatment of severe chronic neutropenia.","volume":"81","author":"Dale","year":"1993","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"2021121003040019200_B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.99.2.259","article-title":"Kostmann syndrome in preterm neonates.","volume":"99","author":"Calhoun","year":"1997","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2021121003040019200_B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1669","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V81.7.1669.1669","article-title":"Cytokine treatment of inherited bone marrow failure 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