{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]],"date-time":"2026-01-28T04:24:21Z","timestamp":1769574261278,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,3,1]]},"abstract":"Background.<\/jats:title>Snowmobiling is a popular family sport, with annual expenditures over $9 billion. The size and speed of snowmobiles make them potentially dangerous to children. Pediatric snowmobile-related trauma has not been studied in the United States.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Methods.<\/jats:title>We analyzed 291 pediatric snowmobile- related injuries and 75 deaths reported to the Consumer Product Safety Commission from 1990 to 1998. We reviewed snowmobile legislation in the states that reported at least 1 death to the Consumer Product Safety Commission during this time period.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Results.<\/jats:title>The most common sites of injury were the extremities (48.8%) and the head, neck, and face (28.2%). Head and neck injuries were the predominant cause of death (66.7%). The most common diagnosis was contusion\/abrasion (30.9%), followed by laceration (22%), fracture (20.3%), and strain\/sprain (14.4%). Nonfatal injuries most often involved ejection from the snowmobile (26.1%), but striking a stationary object was the most common mechanism in fatal crashes. The review of state legislation revealed that few age restrictions or helmet laws exist. Children as young as 8 years old may legally operate a snowmobile in some states. Often, restrictions do not apply to snowmobile use on private property, where 43% of pediatric snowmobile-related injuries occurred.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Conclusions.<\/jats:title>Head, neck, and face injuries are common nonfatal injuries and are the most common cause of death. State legislation often lacks age restrictions on private property, and laws requiring helmet use are rare. Legislators have not addressed the dangers of pediatric snowmobile-related injuries. Helmet laws and age restrictions similar to those enacted for motorcycle riders are necessary and appropriate.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.105.3.615","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,8,13]],"date-time":"2004-08-13T23:50:41Z","timestamp":1092441041000},"page":"615-619","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Snowmobile Injuries and Deaths in Children: A Review of National Injury Data and State Legislation"],"prefix":"10.1542","volume":"105","author":[{"given":"Manda R.","family":"Rice","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1 From Pediatric Trauma Services, Toledo Children's Hospital, Toledo, Ohio."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lynn","family":"Alvanos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1 From Pediatric Trauma Services, Toledo Children's Hospital, Toledo, Ohio."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brian","family":"Kenney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1 From Pediatric Trauma Services, Toledo Children's Hospital, Toledo, Ohio."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"417","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2000,3,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021121003113904300_B1"},{"key":"2021121003113904300_B2","first-page":"1061","article-title":"The child and the snowmobile.","volume":"113","author":"Letts","year":"1975","journal-title":"Can Med Assoc J"},{"key":"2021121003113904300_B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1001\/archsurg.1972.04180080042007","article-title":"Snowmobiling injuries.","volume":"105","author":"Monge","year":"1972","journal-title":"Arch Surg"},{"key":"2021121003113904300_B4","first-page":"671","article-title":"Recreational injuries and deaths in northern Wisconsin: analysis of injuries and fatalities from snowmobiles over 3 years.","volume":"92","author":"Gabert","year":"1993","journal-title":"Wis Med J"},{"key":"2021121003113904300_B5","first-page":"983","article-title":"Snowmobile fatalities in Minnesota.","volume":"55","author":"Gross","year":"1972","journal-title":"Minn Med"},{"key":"2021121003113904300_B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.82.5.798","article-title":"Snowmobile statement.","volume":"82","author":"American Academy of Pediatrics, Committee on Accident and Poison Prevention","year":"1988","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2021121003113904300_B7","first-page":"21","article-title":"The care and cost of snowmobile-related injuries.","volume":"79","author":"Farley","year":"1996","journal-title":"Minn Med"},{"key":"2021121003113904300_B8","first-page":"349","article-title":"Snowmobile trauma: an eleven-year experience.","volume":"57","author":"James","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am 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law.","volume":"21","author":"Muelleman","year":"1992","journal-title":"Ann Emerg Med"},{"key":"2021121003113904300_B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1097\/00005373-199301000-00022","article-title":"Is helmet use beneficial to motorcyclists?","volume":"34","author":"Wagle","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Trauma"},{"key":"2021121003113904300_B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/0001-4575(90)90006-7","article-title":"The effectiveness of helmets in reducing all-terrain vehicle injuries and deaths.","volume":"22","author":"Rodgers","year":"1990","journal-title":"Accid Anal Prev"},{"key":"2021121003113904300_B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"842","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-0644(94)70202-0","article-title":"The association of alcohol and night driving with fatal snowmobile trauma: a case-control study.","volume":"24","author":"Rowe","year":"1994","journal-title":"Ann Emerg Med"},{"key":"2021121003113904300_B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1097\/00005373-198212000-00001","article-title":"Fatal snowmobile accidents in northern Sweden.","volume":"22","author":"Erikkson","year":"1982","journal-title":"J Trauma"},{"key":"2021121003113904300_B17","first-page":"147","article-title":"Snowmobile-related deaths in Ontario: a 5-year review.","volume":"146","author":"Rowe","year":"1992","journal-title":"Can Med Assoc J"},{"key":"2021121003113904300_B18","first-page":"196","article-title":"Would a helmet law for snowmobile riders reduce head injuries?","volume":"53","author":"Bjornstig","year":"1994","journal-title":"Arch Med Res"},{"key":"2021121003113904300_B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03405797","article-title":"The effect of a community-based police surveillance program on snowmobile injuries and deaths.","volume":"89","author":"Rowe","year":"1998","journal-title":"Can J Public 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