{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T06:29:51Z","timestamp":1791095391154,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>This Technical Report was retired January 2004.<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Pneumococcal infections are the most common invasive bacterial infections in children in the United States. The incidence of invasive pneumococcal infections peaks in children younger than 2 years, reaching rates of 228\/100\u2009000 in children 6 to 12 months old. Children with functional or anatomic asplenia (including sickle cell disease [SCD]) and children with human immunodeficiency virus infection have pneumococcal infection rates 20- to 100-fold higher than those of healthy children during the first 5 years of life. Others at high risk of pneumococcal infections include children with congenital immunodeficiency; chronic cardiopulmonary disease; children receiving immunosuppressive chemotherapy; children with immunosuppressive neoplastic diseases; children with chronic renal insufficiency, including nephrotic syndrome; children with diabetes; and children with cerebrospinal fluid leaks. Children of Native American (American Indian and Alaska Native) or African American descent also have higher rates of invasive pneumococcal disease. Outbreaks of pneumococcal infection have occurred with increased frequency in children attending out-of-home care. Among these children, nasopharyngeal colonization rates of 60% have been observed, along with pneumococci resistant to multiple antibiotics. The administration of antibiotics to children involved in outbreaks of pneumococcal disease has had an inconsistent effect on nasopharyngeal carriage. In contrast, continuous penicillin prophylaxis in children younger than 5 years with SCD has been successful in reducing rates of pneumococcal disease by 84%.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>Pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccines have been recommended since 1985 for children older than 2 years who are at high risk of invasive disease, but these vaccines were not recommended for younger children and infants because of poor antibody response before 2 years of age. In contrast, pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (Prevnar) induce proposed protective antibody responses (&amp;gt;.15 \u03bcg\/mL) in &amp;gt;90% of infants after 3 doses given at 2, 4, and 6 months of age. After priming doses, significant booster responses (ie, immunologic memory) are apparent when additional doses are given at 12 to 15 months of age. In efficacy trials, infant immunization with Prevnar decreased invasive infections by &amp;gt;93% and consolidative pneumonia by 73%, and it was associated with a 7% decrease in otitis media and a 20% decrease in tympanostomy tube placement. Adverse events after the administration of Prevnar have been limited to areas of local swelling or erythema of 1 to 2 cm and some increase in the incidence of postimmunization fever when it is given with other childhood vaccines. Based on data in phase 3 efficacy and safety trials, the US Food and Drug Administration has provided an indication for the use of Prevnar in children younger than 24 months.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.106.2.367","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,8,13]],"date-time":"2004-08-13T23:50:41Z","timestamp":1092441041000},"page":"367-376","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":148,"title":["Technical Report: Prevention of Pneumococcal Infections, Including the Use of Pneumococcal Conjugate and Polysaccharide Vaccines and Antibiotic Prophylaxis"],"prefix":"10.1542","volume":"106","author":[{"given":"Gary D.","family":"Overturf","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"the Committee on Infectious Diseases","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"Committee on Infectious Diseases, 1999\u20132000","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"Ex-Officio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"Liaisons","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"Consultant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"Staff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"417","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2000,8,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023081713055640700_B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1153","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.75.6.1153","article-title":"Recommendations for using pneumococcal vaccine in children.","volume":"75","author":"American Academy of Pediatrics, Committee on Infectious Diseases","year":"1985","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2023081713055640700_B2"},{"key":"2023081713055640700_B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.99.2.289","article-title":"Therapy for children with invasive pneumococcal infections.","volume":"99","author":"American Academy of Pediatrics, Committee on Infectious Diseases","year":"1997","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2023081713055640700_B4"},{"key":"2023081713055640700_B5"},{"key":"2023081713055640700_B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(05)83126-9","article-title":"Intramuscular versus oral antibiotic therapy for the prevention of meningitis and other bacterial sequelae in young, febrile children at risk for occult bacteremia.","volume":"124","author":"Fleisher","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"2023081713055640700_B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"970","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199710023371404","article-title":"Bacterial meningitis in the United States in 1995.","volume":"337","author":"Schuchat","year":"1997","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2023081713055640700_B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"856","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-198912000-00006","article-title":"Etiology of community-acquired pneumonia in children based on antibody responses to bacterial and viral antigens.","volume":"8","author":"Claesson","year":"1989","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"2023081713055640700_B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(87)80066-5","article-title":"Pneumonia in pediatric outpatients: cause and clinical manifestations.","volume":"111","author":"Turner","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"2023081713055640700_B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"986","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-199811000-00004","article-title":"Etiology of childhood pneumonia: serologic results of a prospective, population-based study.","volume":"17","author":"Heiskanen-Kosma","year":"1998","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"2023081713055640700_B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S218","DOI":"10.1093\/clind\/21.Supplement_3.S218","article-title":"The management of pneumonia in children in developing countries.","volume":"21","author":"Shann","year":"1995","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2023081713055640700_B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.85.5.722","article-title":"Microbiology of empyema in children and adolescents.","volume":"85","author":"Brook","year":"1990","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2023081713055640700_B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199201303260507","article-title":"Sinusitis in children.","volume":"326","author":"Wald","year":"1992","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2023081713055640700_B14"},{"key":"2023081713055640700_B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-199901000-00002","article-title":"Acute otitis media: management and surveillance in an era of pneumococcal resistance\u2014a report from the Drug-Resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae Therapeutic Working Group.","volume":"18","author":"Dowell","year":"1999","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"2023081713055640700_B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/160.1.83","article-title":"Epidemiology of otitis media during the first seven years of life in children in greater Boston: a prospective, cohort study.","volume":"160","author":"Teele","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2023081713055640700_B17","first-page":"784","article-title":"Bacterial meningitis and septicemia in sickle cell disease.","volume":"131","author":"Overturf","year":"1977","journal-title":"Am J Dis Child"},{"key":"2023081713055640700_B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(05)83171-3","article-title":"Fatal pneumococcal septicemia in hemoglobin SC disease.","volume":"124","author":"Lane","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"2023081713055640700_B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(86)80216-5","article-title":"Bacteremia in sickle hemoglobinopathies.","volume":"109","author":"Zarkowsky","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"2023081713055640700_B20","first-page":"191","article-title":"Infections and immunizations of children with sickle cell disease.","volume":"14","author":"Overturf","year":"1999","journal-title":"Adv Pediatr Infect Dis"},{"key":"2023081713055640700_B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197610072951502","article-title":"Septicemia and meningitis in children splenectomized for Hodgkin's disease.","volume":"295","author":"Chilcote","year":"1976","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2023081713055640700_B22","first-page":"33N","article-title":"Infection associated with asplenia: risks, mechanisms and prevention.","volume":"88","author":"Styrt","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"2023081713055640700_B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(77)80365-X","article-title":"Sepsis and congenital asplenia.","volume":"90","author":"Waldman","year":"1977","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"2023081713055640700_B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-198509000-00005","article-title":"Bacterial infection in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome of children.","volume":"4","author":"Bernstein","year":"1985","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis"},{"key":"2023081713055640700_B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(05)83169-5","article-title":"Invasive bacterial infections in children born to women infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1.","volume":"124","author":"Andiman","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"2023081713055640700_B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"870","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/173.4.870","article-title":"Invasive pneumococcal infections in human immunodeficiency virus-infected children.","volume":"173","author":"Mao","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2023081713055640700_B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(05)83170-1","article-title":"Invasive pneumococcal disease among infected and uninfected children of mothers with human immunodeficiency virus infection.","volume":"124","author":"Farley","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"2023081713055640700_B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2277","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1992.00400230087015","article-title":"High incidence rates of invasive pneumococcal disease in the White Mountain Apache population.","volume":"152","author":"Cortese","year":"1992","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"2023081713055640700_B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/170.2.368","article-title":"The epidemiology of invasive pneumococcal disease in Alaska, 1986\u20131990: ethnic differences and opportunities for prevention.","volume":"170","author":"Davidson","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2023081713055640700_B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1995.03520350041026","article-title":"Risk factors for primary invasive pneumococcal disease among children in Finland.","volume":"273","author":"Takala","year":"1995","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2023081713055640700_B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.87.2.129","article-title":"Upper respiratory tract infections in young children: duration of and frequency of complications.","volume":"87","author":"Wald","year":"1991","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2023081713055640700_B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(88)80164-1","article-title":"Frequency and severity of infections in day care.","volume":"112","author":"Wald","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"2023081713055640700_B33"},{"key":"2023081713055640700_B34","first-page":"923","article-title":"Invasive disease due to multiply resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae in a Houston, Tex, day-care center.","volume":"144","author":"Rauch","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am J Dis Child"},{"key":"2023081713055640700_B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1346","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/166.6.1346","article-title":"The spread of multiply resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae at a day care center in Ohio.","volume":"166","author":"Reichler","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2023081713055640700_B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1994.03510330073037","article-title":"A cluster of invasive pneumococcal disease in young children in child care.","volume":"271","author":"Cherian","year":"1994","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2023081713055640700_B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1257","DOI":"10.1086\/313451","article-title":"Carriage of multidrug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae and impact of chemoprophylaxis during an outbreak of meningitis at a day care center.","volume":"29","author":"Craig","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2023081713055640700_B38","first-page":"949","article-title":"Hemorrhage and shock associated with invasive pneumococcal infection in healthy infants and children: New Mexico 1993\u20131994.","volume":"43","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"1995","journal-title":"MMWR CDC Surveill Summ"},{"key":"2023081713055640700_B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-199510000-00012","article-title":"Colonization with penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae in a child day-care center.","volume":"14","author":"Boken","year":"1995","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"2023081713055640700_B40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-199608000-00006","article-title":"Colonization with penicillin-nonsusceptible Streptococcus pneumoniae in urban and rural child-care centers.","volume":"15","author":"Boken","year":"1996","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"2023081713055640700_B41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.1086\/515239","article-title":"Acquisition, carriage, and transmission of pneumococci with decreased antibiotic susceptibility in young children attending a day care facility in southern Israel.","volume":"177","author":"Yagupsky","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2023081713055640700_B42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1274","DOI":"10.1086\/313465","article-title":"Marked differences in pneumococcal carriage and resistance patterns between day care centers located within a small area.","volume":"29","author":"Givon-Lavi","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2023081713055640700_B43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/163.3.644","article-title":"Serotypes of respiratory isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae compared with the capsular types included in the current pneumococcal vaccine.","volume":"163","author":"Jorgenson","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2023081713055640700_B44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-199506000-00007","article-title":"Potential interventions for the prevention of childhood pneumonia: geographic and temporal differences in serotype and serogroup distribution of sterile site pneumococcal isolates from children: implications for vaccine strategies.","volume":"14","author":"Sniadack","year":"1995","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"2023081713055640700_B45","first-page":"S97","article-title":"Assessment of the pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine. IV. Efficacy of pneumococcal vaccine in infants and children.","volume":"3","author":"Kass","year":"1981","journal-title":"Rev Infect Dis"},{"key":"2023081713055640700_B46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-199906000-00015","article-title":"Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines.","volume":"18","author":"Eskola","year":"1999","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"2023081713055640700_B47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198009043031003","article-title":"Pneumococcal disease after pneumococcal vaccination: an alternative method to estimate the efficacy of pneumococcal vaccine.","volume":"303","author":"Broome","year":"1980","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2023081713055640700_B48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1177\/00034894800890S383","article-title":"Efficacy of pneumococcal vaccination against recurrent otitis media: preliminary results of a field trial in Finland.","volume":"89","author":"Karma","year":"1980","journal-title":"Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol"},{"key":"2023081713055640700_B49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/149.6.861","article-title":"Vaccination against Streptococcus pneumoniae in childhood: lack of demonstrable benefit in young Australian children.","volume":"149","author":"Douglas","year":"1984","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2023081713055640700_B50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.1991.tb11877.x","article-title":"Pneumococcal infections in splenectomized children are preventable.","volume":"80","author":"Konradsen","year":"1991","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr Scand"},{"key":"2023081713055640700_B51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"828","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0506.990616","article-title":"Effectiveness of pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine for preschool-age children with chronic disease.","volume":"5","author":"Fiore","year":"1999","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"2023081713055640700_B52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1273","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/172.5.1273","article-title":"Pneumococcal polysaccharide-meningococcal outer membrane protein complex conjugate vaccine is immunogenic in infants and children.","volume":"172","author":"Kayhty","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2023081713055640700_B53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-199707000-00009","article-title":"Immune responses of infants vaccinated with serotype 6B pneumococcal polysaccharide conjugated with tetanus toxoid.","volume":"16","author":"Sigurdardottir","year":"1997","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"2023081713055640700_B54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.101.4.604","article-title":"Safety and immunogenicity of heptavalent pneumococcal vaccine conjugated to CRM197 in United States infants.","volume":"101","author":"Rennels","year":"1998","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2023081713055640700_B55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/171.4.885","article-title":"Serotype distribution of Streptococcus pneumoniae infections among preschool children in the United States, 1978\u20131994: implications for development of a conjugate vaccine.","volume":"171","author":"Butler","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2023081713055640700_B56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-199909000-00004","article-title":"Safety and immunogenicity of heptavalent pneumococcal CRM197 conjugate vaccine in infants and toddlers.","volume":"18","author":"Shinefield","year":"1999","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"2023081713055640700_B57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"986","DOI":"10.1086\/515259","article-title":"Minimum protective serum concentrations of pneumococcal anti-capsular antibodies in infant rats.","volume":"177","author":"Stack","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2023081713055640700_B58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1614","DOI":"10.1086\/515298","article-title":"Avidity of IgG for Streptococcus pneumoniae type 6B and 23F polysaccharides in infants primed with pneumococcal conjugates and boosted with polysaccharide or conjugate vaccines.","volume":"177","author":"Anttila","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2023081713055640700_B59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1271","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/174.6.1271","article-title":"Reduction of nasopharyngeal carriage of pneumococci during the second year of life by a heptavalent conjugate pneumococcal vaccine.","volume":"174","author":"Dagan","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2023081713055640700_B60"},{"key":"2023081713055640700_B61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-200003000-00003","article-title":"Efficacy, safety and immunogenicity of heptavalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in children.","volume":"19","author":"Black","year":"2000","journal-title":"Pediatric Infect Dis J"},{"key":"2023081713055640700_B62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(98)70235-5","article-title":"Combined schedule of 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine followed by 23-valent pneumococcal vaccine in children and young adults with sickle cell disease.","volume":"133","author":"Vernacchio","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"2023081713055640700_B63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/173.1.83","article-title":"Effect of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection on the antibody response to a glycoprotein conjugate pneumococcal vaccine: results from a randomized trial.","volume":"173","author":"Ahmed","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2023081713055640700_B64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.99.4.575","article-title":"Safety and immunogenicity of three doses of a five valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in children younger than two years with and without human immunodeficiency virus infection.","volume":"99","author":"King","year":"1997","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2023081713055640700_B65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1460","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.283.11.1460","article-title":"Projected cost-effectiveness of pneumococcal conjugate vaccination of healthy infants and young children.","volume":"283","author":"Lieu","year":"2000","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2023081713055640700_B66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1593","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198606193142501","article-title":"Prophylaxis with oral penicillin in children with sickle cell anemia: a randomized trial.","volume":"314","author":"Gaston","year":"1986","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2023081713055640700_B67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1567","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.288.6430.1567","article-title":"Prevention of pneumococcal infection in children with homozygous sickle cell disease.","volume":"288","author":"John","year":"1984","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"2023081713055640700_B68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(84)80582-X","article-title":"Effect of penicillin prophylaxis on nasopharyngeal colonization with Streptococcus pneumoniae in children with sickle cell anemia.","volume":"104","author":"Anglin","year":"1984","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"2023081713055640700_B69","first-page":"428","article-title":"Pneumococcal septicemia despite pneumococcal vaccine and prescription of penicillin prophylaxis in children with sickle cell anemia.","volume":"140","author":"Buchanan","year":"1986","journal-title":"Am J Dis Child"},{"key":"2023081713055640700_B70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(96)70365-7","article-title":"Colonization with antibiotic-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae in children with sickle cell disease.","volume":"128","author":"Steele","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"2023081713055640700_B71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(96)70025-2","article-title":"Pneumococcal colonization in children with sickle cell disease.","volume":"129","author":"Norris","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"2023081713055640700_B72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(95)70107-9","article-title":"Penicillin- and cephalosporin-resistant strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae causing sepsis and meningitis in children with sickle cell disease.","volume":"127","author":"Chesney","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"2023081713055640700_B73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(95)70154-0","article-title":"Discontinuing penicillin prophylaxis in children with sickle cell anemia: Prophylactic Penicillin Study II.","volume":"127","author":"Falleta","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Pediatr"}],"container-title":["Pediatrics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatrics\/article-pdf\/106\/2\/367\/1519574\/367.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatrics\/article-pdf\/106\/2\/367\/1519574\/367.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,17]],"date-time":"2023-08-17T13:09:52Z","timestamp":1692277792000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatrics\/article\/106\/2\/367\/62937\/Technical-Report-Prevention-of-Pneumococcal"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2000,8,1]]},"references-count":73,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2000,8,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,8,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.106.2.367","relation":{},"ISSN":["1098-4275","0031-4005"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1098-4275","type":"electronic"},{"value":"0031-4005","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2000,8,1]]}}}