{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]],"date-time":"2026-03-17T16:58:00Z","timestamp":1773766680286,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objective.<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>To examine the frequency, timing, and factors associated with abnormal cognitive and motor development during the first 30 months of life in infants born to women infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods.<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Serial neurodevelopmental assessment was performed with 595 infants born to women infected with HIV-1 in a multicenter, prospective, natural history cohort study. Survival analysis methods were used to evaluate 6 outcome events related to abnormal cognitive and motor growth (time to confirmed drop of 1 SD, time to first score &amp;lt;69, and time to confirmed drop of 2 SD) in Bayley Scales of Infant Development Mental Developmental Index (MDI) and Psychomotor Developmental Index (PDI) scores among infected (n = 114) and uninfected (n = 481) infants. Proportional hazards modeling was used to evaluate the effects of HIV infection status, prematurity, prenatal exposure to illicit drugs, maternal educational attainment, and primary language.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results.<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>HIV-1 infection was significantly associated with increased risk for all outcome events related to abnormal mental and motor growth. Differences between infected and uninfected infants were apparent by 4 months of age. Prematurity was associated with increased risk for MDI &amp;lt;69 and PDI &amp;lt;69. Maternal education of &amp;lt;9 completed years was associated with increased risk for MDI &amp;lt;69. Neither prenatal exposure to illicit drugs nor primary language other than English was associated with abnormal development.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusion.<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>A significant proportion of infants with HIV-1 infection show early and marked cognitive and motor delays or declines that may be important early indicators of HIV disease progression. These abnormalities are independent of other risk factors for developmental delay.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.106.2.e25","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,8,13]],"date-time":"2004-08-13T23:50:41Z","timestamp":1092441041000},"page":"e25-e25","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":96,"title":["Early Cognitive and Motor Development Among Infants Born to Women Infected With Human Immunodeficiency Virus"],"prefix":"10.1542","volume":"106","author":[{"given":"Cynthia","family":"Chase","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Disease, Boston Medical Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Janice","family":"Ware","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joan","family":"Hittelman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Science Center, Brooklyn and State University of New York, Brooklyn, New York;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ileana","family":"Blasini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"MPH\u2225; Renee","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Antolin","family":"Llorente","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Anisfeld","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Columbia-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Clemente","family":"Diaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto, Rico;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mary Glenn","family":"Fowler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Adolescent and Maternal AIDS Branch, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Washington, DC; and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jack","family":"Moye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"New England Research Institutes, Watertown, Massachusetts."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Leslie I.","family":"Kaligh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"New England Research Institutes, Watertown, Massachusetts."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"name":"for the Women and Infants Transmission Study Group","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"417","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2000,8,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021121003155109000_B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-3955(16)38371-7","article-title":"Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and the child's central nervous system.","volume":"39","author":"Belman","year":"1992","journal-title":"Pediatr Clin North Am"},{"key":"2021121003155109000_B2","first-page":"1147","article-title":"Longitudinal study of 94 symptomatic infants with perinatally acquired human immunodeficiency virus infection.","volume":"143","author":"Blanche","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am J Dis Child"},{"key":"2021121003155109000_B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-199006000-00007","article-title":"Neurologic signs in young children with human immunodeficiency virus infection.","volume":"9","author":"European Collaborative Study","year":"1990","journal-title":"Pediatr Inf Dis J"},{"key":"2021121003155109000_B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(95)70397-7","article-title":"Encephalopathy in children with perinatally acquired human immunodeficiency virus infection.","volume":"126","author":"Lobato","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"2021121003155109000_B5"},{"key":"2021121003155109000_B6"},{"key":"2021121003155109000_B7","first-page":"198","article-title":"Neurodevelopment in pediatric HIV-1 infection: a prospective study.","volume":"4","author":"Wachtel","year":"1993","journal-title":"AIDS HIV Infect Fetus Adolesc"},{"key":"2021121003155109000_B8","first-page":"883","article-title":"Effect of perinatally acquired human immunodeficiency virus infection on neurodevelopment in children during the first two years of life.","volume":"94","author":"Nozyce","year":"1994","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2021121003155109000_B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"850","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.1995.02170210024004","article-title":"Early neurodevelopmental growth in children with vertically transmitted human immunodeficiency virus infection.","volume":"149","author":"Chase","year":"1995","journal-title":"Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med"},{"key":"2021121003155109000_B10"},{"key":"2021121003155109000_B11","first-page":"548","article-title":"Extrapolated developmental indices for the Bayley Scales of Infant Development.","volume":"85","author":"Naglieri","year":"1981","journal-title":"Am J Ment Defic"},{"key":"2021121003155109000_B12"},{"key":"2021121003155109000_B13"},{"key":"2021121003155109000_B14"},{"key":"2021121003155109000_B15","first-page":"1","article-title":"1994 revised classification system for human immunodeficiency virus in children less than 13 years of age.","volume":"43","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"1994","journal-title":"MMWR CDC Surveill Summ"},{"key":"2021121003155109000_B16"},{"key":"2021121003155109000_B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/173.5.1097","article-title":"Randomized study of the tolerance and efficacy of high- versus low-dose zidovudine in human immunodeficiency virus-infected children with mild to moderate symptoms (AIDS Clinical Trials Group 128).","volume":"173","author":"Brady","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2021121003155109000_B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.2307\/1131215","article-title":"Enhancing the development of low birth weight premature infants: changes in cognition and behavior over the first three years.","volume":"64","author":"Brooks-Gunn","year":"1993","journal-title":"Child Dev"},{"key":"2021121003155109000_B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199401000-00004","article-title":"Three-year outcome of children exposed prenatally to drugs.","volume":"33","author":"Griffith","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"2021121003155109000_B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1097\/00004703-199102000-00011","article-title":"Cocaine and infant behavior.","volume":"12","author":"Neuspiel","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Dev Behav Pediatr"},{"key":"2021121003155109000_B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.30.4.484","article-title":"Environmental risk, biologic risk, and developmental outcome.","volume":"30","author":"Bendersky","year":"1994","journal-title":"Dev Psychol"},{"key":"2021121003155109000_B22"}],"container-title":["Pediatrics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatrics\/article-pdf\/106\/2\/e25\/840856\/e25.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatrics\/article-pdf\/106\/2\/e25\/840856\/e25.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,10]],"date-time":"2021-12-10T09:47:28Z","timestamp":1639129648000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatrics\/article\/106\/2\/e25\/62844\/Early-Cognitive-and-Motor-Development-Among"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2000,8,1]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2000,8,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,8,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.106.2.e25","relation":{},"ISSN":["1098-4275","0031-4005"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1098-4275","type":"electronic"},{"value":"0031-4005","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2000,8,1]]}}}