{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T19:28:26Z","timestamp":1787686106603,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Tomisaku Kawasaki published the first English-language report of 50 patients with Kawasaki disease (KD) in 1974. Since that time, KD has become the leading cause of acquired heart disease among children in North America and Japan. Although an infectious agent is suspected, the cause remains unknown. However, significant progress has been made toward understanding the natural history of the disease and therapeutic interventions have been developed that halt the immune-mediated destruction of the arterial wall. We present a brief history of KD, review progress in research on the disease, and suggest avenues for future study.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Kawasaki saw his first case of KD in January 1961 and published his first report in Japanese in 1967. Whether cases existed in Japan before that time is currently under study. The most significant controversy in the 1960s in Japan was whether the rash and fever sign\/symptom complex described by Kawasaki was connected to subsequent cardiac complications in a number of cases. Pathologist Noboru Tanaka and pediatrician Takajiro Yamamoto disputed the early assertion of Kawasaki that KD was a self-limited illness with no sequelae. This controversy was resolved in 1970 when the first Japanese nationwide survey of KD documented 10 autopsy cases of sudden cardiac death after KD. By the time of the first English-language publication by Kawasaki in 1974, the link between KD and coronary artery vasculitis was well-established.<\/jats:p><jats:p>KD was independently recognized as a new and distinct condition in the early 1970s by pediatricians Marian Melish and Raquel Hicks at the University of Hawaii. In 1973, at the same Hawaiian hospital, pathologist Eunice Larson, in consultation with Benjamin Landing at Los Angeles Children's Hospital, retrospectively diagnosed a 1971 autopsy case as KD. The similarity between KD and infantile periarteritis nodosa (IPN) was apparent to these pathologists, as it had been to Tanaka earlier.<\/jats:p><jats:p>What remains unknown is the reason for the simultaneous recognition of this disease around the world in the 1960s and 1970s. There are several possible explanations. KD may have been a new disease that emerged in Japan and emanated to the Western World through Hawaii, where the disease is prevalent among Asian children. Alternatively, KD and IPN may be part of the spectrum of the same disease and clinically mild KD masqueraded as other diseases, such as scarlet fever in the preantibiotic era. Case reports of IPN from Western Europe extend back to at least the 19th century, but, thus far, cases of IPN have not been discovered in Japan before World War II. Perhaps the factors responsible for KD were introduced into Japan after the World War II and then reemerged in a more virulent form that subsequently spread through the industrialized Western world. It is also possible that improvements in health care and, in particular, the use of antibiotics to treat infections caused by organisms including toxin-producing bacteria reduced the burden of rash\/fever illness and allowed KD to be recognized as a distinct clinical entity.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Itsuzo Shigematsu, Hiroshi Yanagawa, and colleagues have conducted 14 nationwide surveys in Japan. These have indicated that: 1) KD occurred initially in nationwide epidemics but now occurs in regional outbreaks; 2) there are \u223c5000 to 6000 new cases each year; 3) current estimates of incidence rates are 120 to 150 cases per 100\u2009000 children &amp;lt;5 years old; 4) KD is 1.5 times more common in males and 85% of cases occur in children &amp;lt;5 years old; and 5) the recurrence rate is low (4%). In 1978, David Morens at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention published a case definition based on Kawasaki's original criteria. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention developed a computerized database in 1984, and a passive reporting system currently exists in 22 states. Regional investigations and national surveys suggest an annual incidence of 4 to 15 cases per 100\u2009000 children &amp;lt;5 years of age in the United States.<\/jats:p><jats:p>The natural history of KD reveals that coronary artery aneurysms occur as a sequela of the vasculitis in 20% to 25% of untreated children. Echocardiography can be successfully used to detect coronary artery dilatation and aneurysms in virtually all patients. Patients with no acute phase coronary artery changes detected by echocardiogram are clinically asymptomatic at least 10 years later. The Japanese Ministry of Health has established a registry of 6500 children who will be followed longitundinally to determine the natural history of the illness. No similar registry of patients exists in the United States.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Studies of KD pathogenesis show a progression of arterial lesions accompanying KD vasculitis and a number of immunoregulatory changes, including a deficiency of circulating CD8+ suppressor\/cytotoxic T cells; an abundance of circulating B cells spontaneously producing immunoglobulins; and circulating, activated monocytes. Biochemical and immunologic evidence suggests endothelial cell activation and injury. Although the cause of KD remains unknown, clinical trials have established effective therapies, despite the absence of a proven cause. Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) plus aspirin lowers the rate of coronary artery aneurysms from 20% to between 3% and 5%. In 1988, the Committee on Infectious Diseases of the American Academy of Pediatrics endorsed IVIG treatment as recommended therapy for KD. Questions remain regarding treatment of patients who fail to respond to an initial dose of IVIG. The role of steroids or other antiinflammatory agents in the treatment of KD is controversial.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Areas for further research include: 1) a more sensitive case definition that includes laboratory and echocardiographic data, as well as clinical signs and symptoms; 2) development of a diagnostic test based on the biology of inflammation and acute endothelial cell damage that, in the absence of the causative agent, could be used to identify children with KD; 3) studies of index cases and their families to identify relevant genetic factors; and 4) long-term follow-up of patients into their third and fourth decades with monitoring for late cardiovascular sequelae.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.106.2.e27","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,8,13]],"date-time":"2004-08-13T23:50:41Z","timestamp":1092441041000},"page":"e27-e27","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":202,"title":["Kawasaki Disease: A Brief History"],"prefix":"10.1542","volume":"106","author":[{"given":"Jane C.","family":"Burns","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Departments of Pediatrics and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Howard I.","family":"Kushner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of History of Medicine, San Diego State University, San Diego, California;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John F.","family":"Bastian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, San Diego Children's Hospital, San Diego, California; and the"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiroko","family":"Shike","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Departments of Pediatrics and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chisato","family":"Shimizu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Departments of Pediatrics and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomoyo","family":"Matsubara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Yamaguchi University School of Medicine, Yamaguchi, Japan."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christena L.","family":"Turner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sociology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"417","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2000,8,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021121003134453700_B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.54.3.271","article-title":"A new infantile acute febrile mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome (MCLS) prevailing in Japan.","volume":"54","author":"Kawasaki","year":"1974","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2021121003134453700_B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(05)80742-5","article-title":"A nationwide survey of Kawasaki disease and acute rheumatic fever.","volume":"119","author":"Taubert","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"2021121003134453700_B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-199901000-00015","article-title":"Changes in epidemic patterns of Kawasaki disease in Japan.","volume":"18","author":"Yanagawa","year":"1999","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"2021121003134453700_B4","first-page":"1174","article-title":"Steroid treatment for mucocutaneous ocular syndrome in childhood [in Japanese].","volume":"42","author":"Itoga","year":"1960","journal-title":"Chiryo (J Therapeutics)"},{"key":"2021121003134453700_B5","first-page":"820","article-title":"Two cases of pericardial hematoma in infancy [in Japanese].","volume":"22","author":"Hanawa","year":"1959","journal-title":"Shonika Shinryo (J Pediatr Pract)"},{"key":"2021121003134453700_B6","first-page":"281","article-title":"A case report of Feer disease [in Japanese].","volume":"16","author":"Fujikawa","year":"1953","journal-title":"Shonika Shinryo (J Pediatr Pract)"},{"key":"2021121003134453700_B7","first-page":"787","article-title":"Mucocutaneous ocular syndrome: report of a case [in Japanese].","volume":"7","author":"Sakurai","year":"1954","journal-title":"Shonika Rinsho (Jpn J Pediatr)"},{"key":"2021121003134453700_B8"},{"key":"2021121003134453700_B9","first-page":"178","article-title":"Pediatric acute mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome: clinical observation of 50 cases [in Japanese].","volume":"16","author":"Kawasaki","year":"1967","journal-title":"Arerugi (Jpn J Allergy)"},{"key":"2021121003134453700_B10","first-page":"336","article-title":"Acute febrile mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome (Kawasaki): subtype of mucocutaneous ocular syndrome of erythema multiforme complicated with carditis [in Japanese].","volume":"21","author":"Yamamoto","year":"1968","journal-title":"Shonika Rinsho (Jpn J Pediatr)"},{"key":"2021121003134453700_B11","first-page":"291","article-title":"Clinical features of Kawasaki disease [in Japanese].","volume":"21","author":"Yamamoto","year":"1968","journal-title":"Shonika Rinsho (Jpn J Pediatr)"},{"key":"2021121003134453700_B12","first-page":"2545","article-title":"Clinicopathological conference on 10 fatal cases with acute febrile mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome [in Japanese].","volume":"24","author":"Kosaki","year":"1971","journal-title":"Shonika Rinsho (Jpn J Pediatr)"},{"key":"2021121003134453700_B13","first-page":"85","article-title":"Pathological study on autopsy cases of MCLS in childhood\u2014particularly in relation with periarteritis nodosa-like arteritis [in Japanese].","volume":"1","author":"Tanaka","year":"1972","journal-title":"Nisseki Chuo byoin Iho (Med J Jpn Red Cross Central Hosp)"},{"key":"2021121003134453700_B14","first-page":"397","article-title":"A study of Kawasaki disease: presentation of an autopsy case and relationship with infantile periarteritis nodosa [in Japanese].","volume":"77","author":"Tanaka","year":"1973","journal-title":"Nippon Shonika Gakkai Zasshi (J Jpn Pediatr Soc)"},{"key":"2021121003134453700_B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427A","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-197404000-00523","article-title":"Mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome in the US.","volume":"8","author":"Melish","year":"1974","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"key":"2021121003134453700_B16","first-page":"599","article-title":"Mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome in the United States.","volume":"130","author":"Melish","year":"1976","journal-title":"Am J Dis Child"},{"key":"2021121003134453700_B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.59.5.651","article-title":"Are infantile periarteritis nodosa with coronary artery involvement and fatal mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome the same? Comparison of 20 patients from North America with patients from Hawaii and Japan.","volume":"59","author":"Landing","year":"1976","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2021121003134453700_B18","first-page":"560","article-title":"Where was Kawasaki disease before Kawasaki? Proceedings of the Sixth International Kawasaki Disease Symposium.","volume":"47","author":"Kushner","year":"2000","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"key":"2021121003134453700_B19","first-page":"695","article-title":"Epidemiology of mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome [in Japanese].","volume":"76","author":"Shigematsu","year":"1972","journal-title":"Nippon Shonika Gakkai Zasshi (J Jpn Pediatr Soc)"},{"key":"2021121003134453700_B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.1995.02170200069011","article-title":"Results of 12 nationwide epidemiological incidence surveys of Kawasaki disease in Japan.","volume":"149","author":"Yanagawa","year":"1995","journal-title":"Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med"},{"key":"2021121003134453700_B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.95.4.475","article-title":"Epidemiologic pictures of Kawasaki disease in Japan: from the nationwide incidence survey in 1991 and 1992.","volume":"95","author":"Yanagawa","year":"1995","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2021121003134453700_B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.2188\/jea.6.148","article-title":"Update of the epidemiology of Kawasaki disease in Japan: from the results of 1993\u20131994 nationwide survey.","volume":"6","author":"Yanagawa","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2021121003134453700_B23"},{"key":"2021121003134453700_B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/S1058-9813(97)00188-4","article-title":"Epidemiology of Kawasaki disease in the United States and worldwide.","volume":"6","author":"Taubert","year":"1997","journal-title":"Prog Pediatr Cardiol"},{"key":"2021121003134453700_B25","first-page":"91","article-title":"Kawasaki disease in the United States.","volume":"137","author":"Morens","year":"1978","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2021121003134453700_B26"},{"key":"2021121003134453700_B27","first-page":"420","article-title":"Risk of coronary abnormalities due to Kawasaki disease in urban area with small Asian population.","volume":"141","author":"Shulman","year":"1987","journal-title":"Am J Dis Child"},{"key":"2021121003134453700_B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.1988.02150040095027","article-title":"Kawasaki syndrome clusters in Harris country, Texas, and eastern North Carolina: a high endemic rate and a new environmental risk factor.","volume":"142","author":"Rausch","year":"1988","journal-title":"Am J Dis Child"},{"key":"2021121003134453700_B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-199408000-00005","article-title":"Seven-year national survey of Kawasaki disease and acute rheumatic fever.","volume":"13","author":"Taubert","year":"1994","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"2021121003134453700_B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.1995.02170130068016","article-title":"Kawasaki syndrome in Washington State: race-specific incidence rates and residential proximity to water.","volume":"149","author":"Davis","year":"1995","journal-title":"Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med"},{"key":"2021121003134453700_B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-199711000-00002","article-title":"Passive surveillance for Kawasaki disease in San Diego County.","volume":"16","author":"Bronstein","year":"1997","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"2021121003134453700_B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-199905000-00010","article-title":"Kawasaki syndrome among American Indian and Alaska native children, 1980\u20131995.","volume":"18","author":"Holman","year":"1999","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"2021121003134453700_B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.65.1.21","article-title":"National surveillance of Kawasaki disease.","volume":"65","author":"Morens","year":"1980","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2021121003134453700_B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1568","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198106253042603","article-title":"Kawasaki syndrome: description of two outbreaks in the United States.","volume":"304","author":"Bell","year":"1981","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2021121003134453700_B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(82)80751-8","article-title":"An epidemic of Kawasaki syndrome in Hawaii.","volume":"100","author":"Dean","year":"1982","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"2021121003134453700_B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02315475","article-title":"Coronary arterial lesions of Kawasaki disease: cardiac catheterization findings of 1,100 cases.","volume":"7","author":"Suzuki","year":"1986","journal-title":"Pediatr Cardiol"},{"key":"2021121003134453700_B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.59.1.133","article-title":"Cross-sectional echocardiographic diagnosis of coronary artery aneurysms in patients with mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome.","volume":"59","author":"Yoshikawa","year":"1979","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2021121003134453700_B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(86)80505-8","article-title":"Sensitivity, specificity, and predictive value of two-dimensional echocardiography in detecting coronary artery aneurysms in patients with Kawasaki disease.","volume":"7","author":"Capannari","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"2021121003134453700_B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1379","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.94.6.1379","article-title":"Long-term consequences of Kawasaki disease: 10- to 21-year follow-up study of 594 patients.","volume":"94","author":"Kato","year":"1996","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2021121003134453700_B40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1177\/1358836X9900400310","article-title":"Kawasaki disease.","volume":"4","author":"Newburger","year":"1999","journal-title":"Vascular Med"},{"key":"2021121003134453700_B41","first-page":"470","article-title":"Cardiac biopsy of Kawasaki disease.","volume":"105","author":"Yutani","year":"1981","journal-title":"Arch Pathol Lab Med"},{"key":"2021121003134453700_B42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1016\/0735-1097(96)00199-4","article-title":"Quantification of myocardial blood flow and flow reserve in children with a history of Kawasaki disease and normal coronary arteries using positron emission tomography.","volume":"28","author":"Muzik","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"2021121003134453700_B43","first-page":"454","article-title":"Impaired endothelial cell function in epicardial coronary arteries after Kawasaki disease.","volume":"96","author":"Mitani","year":"1997","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2021121003134453700_B44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1420","DOI":"10.1016\/0735-1097(95)00003-M","article-title":"Exercise capacity and incidence of myocardial perfusion defects after Kawasaki disease in children and adolescents.","volume":"25","author":"Paridon","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"2021121003134453700_B45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2103","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.94.9.2103","article-title":"Endothelial dysfunction late after Kawasaki disease.","volume":"94","author":"Dillon","year":"1996","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2021121003134453700_B46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-200X.1998.tb01960.x","article-title":"Mortality among patients with a history of Kawasaki disease: the third look.","volume":"40","author":"Nakamura","year":"1998","journal-title":"Acta Pediatr Jpn"},{"key":"2021121003134453700_B47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1246","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199205073261903","article-title":"Mortality among children with Kawasaki disease in Japan.","volume":"326","author":"Nakamura","year":"1992","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2021121003134453700_B48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.61.1.100","article-title":"Pathology of the heart in Kawasaki disease.","volume":"61","author":"Fujiwara","year":"1978","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2021121003134453700_B49","first-page":"81","article-title":"Kawasaki disease: relationship with infantile periarteritis nodosa.","volume":"100","author":"Tanaka","year":"1976","journal-title":"Arch Pathol Lab Med"},{"key":"2021121003134453700_B50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/0090-1229(82)90075-7","article-title":"Immunoregulatory abnormalities in MCLNS.","volume":"23","author":"Leung","year":"1982","journal-title":"Clin Immunol Immunopathol"},{"key":"2021121003134453700_B51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/0090-1229(88)90088-8","article-title":"Peripheral blood monocyte\/macrophage and serum tumor necrosis factor in Kawasaki disease.","volume":"48","author":"Furukawa","year":"1988","journal-title":"Clin Immunol Immunopathol"},{"key":"2021121003134453700_B52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1016\/0090-1229(90)90149-K","article-title":"Expression of Fc epsilon R2\/CD23 on peripheral blood macrophages\/monocytes in Kawasaki disease.","volume":"56","author":"Furukawa","year":"1990","journal-title":"Clin Immunol Immunopathol"},{"key":"2021121003134453700_B53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/0090-1229(90)90166-N","article-title":"Serum levels of tumor necrosis factor, interleukin 2 receptor, and interferon gamma in Kawasaki disease involved coronary artery lesions.","volume":"56","author":"Matsubara","year":"1990","journal-title":"Clin Immunol Immunopathol"},{"key":"2021121003134453700_B54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1670","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198812223192515","article-title":"Circulating interleukin-1 in patients with Kawasaki disease.","volume":"319","author":"Maury","year":"1988","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2021121003134453700_B55","first-page":"337","article-title":"The acute phase nature of interleukin 6: studied in Kawasaki disease and other febrile illness.","volume":"76","author":"Ueno","year":"1989","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol."},{"key":"2021121003134453700_B56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(05)83493-6","article-title":"Immunoglobulin allotypic markers in Kawasaki disease.","volume":"122","author":"Shulman","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"2021121003134453700_B57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171A","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-199904020-01018","article-title":"Genetic polymorphism in the regulatory region of the TNF-\u03b1 gene in children with Kawasaki disease.","volume":"45","author":"Quasney","year":"1999","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"key":"2021121003134453700_B58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780350611","article-title":"Increased levels of circulating intercellular adhesion molecule 1 in Kawasaki disease.","volume":"35","author":"Furukawa","year":"1992","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"2021121003134453700_B59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.1995.tb02270.x","article-title":"Soluble cell adhesion molecules and von Willebrand factor in children with Kawasaki disease.","volume":"101","author":"Nash","year":"1995","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"key":"2021121003134453700_B60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1428","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI112454","article-title":"Immunoglobulin M antibodies present in the acute phase of Kawasaki syndrome lyse cultured vascular endothelial cells stimulated by gamma interferon.","volume":"77","author":"Leung","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"2021121003134453700_B61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-199810000-00021","article-title":"Increased serum levels of vascular endothelial growth factor in Kawasaki disease.","volume":"44","author":"Maeno","year":"1998","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"key":"2021121003134453700_B62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5946","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.159.12.5946","article-title":"IgA plasma cells in vascular tissue of patients with Kawasaki syndrome.","volume":"159","author":"Rowley","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"2021121003134453700_B63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-199411000-00003","article-title":"Search for highly conserved viral and bacterial nucleic acid sequences corresponding to an etiologic agent of Kawasaki disease.","volume":"36","author":"Rowley","year":"1994","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"key":"2021121003134453700_B64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4066","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.89.9.4066","article-title":"Selective expansion of T cells expressing T-cell receptor variable regions V beta 2 and V beta 8 in Kawasaki disease.","volume":"89","author":"Abe","year":"1992","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"2021121003134453700_B65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5018","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.155.10.5018","article-title":"Evidence for superantigen involvement in cardiovascular injury due to Kawasaki syndrome.","volume":"155","author":"Leung","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"2021121003134453700_B66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1881","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.153.4.1881","article-title":"TCR V beta family repertoire and T cell activation markers in Kawasaki disease.","volume":"153","author":"Pietra","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"2021121003134453700_B67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159A","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-199904020-00942","article-title":"Elevated matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) activity in Kawasaki syndrome.","volume":"45","author":"Chua","year":"1999","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"key":"2021121003134453700_B68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1228","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(81)92400-4","article-title":"High-dose intravenous gamma globulin for idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura in childhood.","volume":"1","author":"Imbach","year":"1981","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2021121003134453700_B69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(84)91504-6","article-title":"High-dose intravenous gamma globulin for Kawasaki disease.","volume":"2","author":"Furusho","year":"1984","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2021121003134453700_B70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-200X.1994.tb03199.x","article-title":"A multicenter, randomized controlled trial of intravenous gamma globulin therapy in children with acute Kawasaki disease.","volume":"36","author":"Morikawa","year":"1994","journal-title":"Acta Pediatr Jpn"},{"key":"2021121003134453700_B71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198608073150601","article-title":"Treatment of Kawasaki syndrome with intravenous gamma globulin.","volume":"315","author":"Newburger","year":"1986","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2021121003134453700_B72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1633","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199106063242305","article-title":"Single infusion of intravenous gamma globulin compared to four daily doses in the treatment of acute Kawasaki syndrome.","volume":"324","author":"Newburger","year":"1991","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2021121003134453700_B73"},{"key":"2021121003134453700_B74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1144","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-199812000-00009","article-title":"Intravenous gamma globulin treatment and retreatment in Kawasaki disease.","volume":"17","author":"Burns","year":"1998","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"2021121003134453700_B75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(96)70447-X","article-title":"Treatment of immune globulin-resistant Kawasaki disease with pulsed doses of corticosteroids.","volume":"128","author":"Wright","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"2021121003134453700_B76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02190688","article-title":"Pentoxifylline and intravenous gamma globulin combination therapy for acute Kawasaki disease.","volume":"153","author":"Furukawa","year":"1994","journal-title":"Eur J Pediatr"}],"container-title":["Pediatrics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatrics\/article-pdf\/106\/2\/e27\/840419\/e27.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatrics\/article-pdf\/106\/2\/e27\/840419\/e27.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,29]],"date-time":"2023-04-29T05:32:21Z","timestamp":1682746341000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatrics\/article\/106\/2\/e27\/62795\/Kawasaki-Disease-A-Brief-History"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2000,8,1]]},"references-count":76,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2000,8,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,8,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.106.2.e27","relation":{},"ISSN":["1098-4275","0031-4005"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1098-4275","type":"electronic"},{"value":"0031-4005","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2000,8,1]]}}}