{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T07:15:28Z","timestamp":1791357328256,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":99,"publisher":"American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The International Guidelines 2000 Conference on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) and Emergency Cardiac Care (ECC) formulated new evidenced-based recommendations for neonatal resuscitation. These guidelines comprehensively update the last recommendations, published in 1992 after the Fifth National Conference on CPR and ECC.<\/jats:p><jats:p>As a result of the evidence evaluation process, significant changes occurred in the recommended management routines for:<\/jats:p><jats:p>\u2022\u2009Meconium-stained amniotic fluid: If the newly born infant has absent or depressed respirations, heart rate &amp;lt;100 beats per minute (bpm), or poor muscle tone, direct tracheal suctioning should be performed to remove meconium from the airway.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\u2022\u2009Preventing heat loss: Hyperthermia should be avoided.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\u2022\u2009Oxygenation and ventilation: 100% oxygen is recommended for assisted ventilation; however, if supplemental oxygen is unavailable, positive-pressure ventilation should be initiated with room air. The laryngeal mask airway may serve as an effective alternative for establishing an airway if bag-mask ventilation is ineffective or attempts at intubation have failed. Exhaled CO2 detection can be useful in the secondary confirmation of endotracheal intubation.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\u2022\u2009Chest compressions: Compressions should be administered if the heart rate is absent or remains &amp;lt;60 bpm despite adequate assisted ventilation for 30 seconds. The 2-thumb, encircling-hands method of chest compression is preferred, with a depth of compression one third the anterior-posterior diameter of the chest and sufficient to generate a palpable pulse.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\u2022\u2009Medications, volume expansion, and vascular access: Epinephrine in a dose of 0.01\u20130.03 mg\/kg (0.1\u20130.3 mL\/kg of 1:10,000 solution) should be administered if the heart rate remains &amp;lt;60 bpm after a minimum of 30 seconds of adequate ventilation and chest compressions. Emergency volume expansion may be accomplished with an isotonic crystalloid solution or O-negative red blood cells; albumin-containing solutions are no longer the fluid of choice for initial volume expansion. Intraosseous access can serve as an alternative route for medications\/volume expansion if umbilical or other direct venous access is not readily available.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\u2022\u2009Noninitiation and discontinuation of resuscitation: There are circumstances (relating to gestational age, birth weight, known underlying condition, lack of response to interventions) in which noninitiation or discontinuation of resuscitation in the delivery room may be appropriate.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.106.3.e29","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,8,13]],"date-time":"2004-08-13T23:50:41Z","timestamp":1092441041000},"page":"e29-e29","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":303,"title":["International Guidelines for Neonatal Resuscitation: An Excerpt From the Guidelines 2000 for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care: International Consensus on Science"],"prefix":"10.1542","volume":"106","author":[{"name":"Contributors and Reviewers for the Neonatal Resuscitation Guidelines","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"417","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2000,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021121003213316600_B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S11","DOI":"10.1007\/PL00014284","article-title":"Practical aspects of resuscitating asphyxiated newborn infants.","volume":"157","author":"Saugstad","year":"1998","journal-title":"Eur J Pediatr"},{"key":"2021121003213316600_B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.1992.tb12094.x","article-title":"Methods of resuscitation in low-Apgar-score newborn infants: a national survey.","volume":"81","author":"Palme-Kilander","year":"1992","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr"},{"key":"2021121003213316600_B3"},{"key":"2021121003213316600_B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.1995.02170130022005","article-title":"Cardiopulmonary resuscitation in the delivery room: associated clinical events.","volume":"149","author":"Perlman","year":"1995","journal-title":"Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med"},{"key":"2021121003213316600_B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"960","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.84.2.960","article-title":"Recommended guidelines for uniform reporting of data from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: the Utstein style.","volume":"84","author":"Cummins","year":"1991","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2021121003213316600_B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2213","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.95.8.2213","article-title":"Recommended guidelines for reviewing, reporting, and conducting research on in-hospital resuscitation: the in-hospital \u201cUtstein style.\u201d","volume":"95","author":"Cummins","year":"1997","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2021121003213316600_B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2006","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.92.7.2006","article-title":"Recommended guidelines for uniform reporting of pediatric advanced life support: the pediatric Utstein style: a statement for healthcare professionals from a task force of the American Academy of Pediatrics, the American Heart Association, and the European Resuscitation Council.","volume":"92","author":"Zaritsky","year":"1995","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2021121003213316600_B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2324","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.94.9.2324","article-title":"Utstein-style guidelines for uniform reporting of laboratory CPR research: a statement for healthcare professionals from a task force of the American Heart Association, the American College of Emergency Physicians, the American College of Cardiology, the European Resuscitation Council, the Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada, the Institute of Critical Care Medicine, the Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, and the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine.","volume":"94","author":"Idris","year":"1996","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2021121003213316600_B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/S0300-9572(97)01102-7","article-title":"Paediatric life support: an advisory statement by the Paediatric Life Support Working Group of the International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation.","volume":"34","author":"Nadkarni","year":"1997","journal-title":"Resuscitation"},{"key":"2021121003213316600_B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1927","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.99.14.1927","article-title":"ILCOR advisory statement: resuscitation of the newly born infant: an advisory statement from the pediatric working group of the International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation.","volume":"99","author":"Kattwinkel","year":"1999","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2021121003213316600_B11"},{"key":"2021121003213316600_B12"},{"key":"2021121003213316600_B13"},{"key":"2021121003213316600_B14"},{"key":"2021121003213316600_B15","first-page":"97","article-title":"Pediatric basic life support: to be read in conjunction with the International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation Pediatric Working Group Advisory Statement (April 1997).","volume":"37","author":"European Resuscitation Council","year":"1998","journal-title":"Resuscitation"},{"key":"2021121003213316600_B16","first-page":"101","article-title":"Pediatric advanced life support: to be read in conjunction with the International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation Pediatric Working Group Advisory Statement (April 1997).","volume":"37","author":"European Resuscitation Council","year":"1998","journal-title":"Resuscitation"},{"key":"2021121003213316600_B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/S0300-9572(98)00041-0","article-title":"Recommendations on resuscitation of babies at birth: to be read in conjunction with the International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation Pediatric Working Group Advisory Statement (April 1997).","volume":"37","author":"European Resuscitation Council","year":"1998","journal-title":"Resuscitation"},{"key":"2021121003213316600_B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(81)80279-X","article-title":"Physiologic responses to prolonged slow-rise inflation in the resuscitation of the asphyxiated newborn infant.","volume":"99","author":"Vyas","year":"1981","journal-title":"J Pediatr."},{"key":"2021121003213316600_B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.1950020403","article-title":"Determinants of the first inspiratory volume and functional residual capacity at birth.","volume":"2","author":"Vyas","year":"1986","journal-title":"Pediatr Pulmonol"},{"key":"2021121003213316600_B20"},{"key":"2021121003213316600_B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"848","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(74)80358-6","article-title":"Meconium aspiration in infants: a prospective study.","volume":"85","author":"Gregory","year":"1974","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"2021121003213316600_B22"},{"key":"2021121003213316600_B23"},{"key":"2021121003213316600_B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1553-2712.1997.tb03725.x","article-title":"Comparison of two techniques for determining the presence of a pulse in an infant [letter].","volume":"4","author":"Whitelaw","year":"1997","journal-title":"Acad Emerg Med"},{"key":"2021121003213316600_B25","first-page":"65","article-title":"Accuracy of different methods for heart rate determination during simulated neonatal resuscitations.","volume":"18","author":"Theophilopoulos","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Perinatol"},{"key":"2021121003213316600_B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI104959","article-title":"Thermal environment and acid-base homeostasis in human infants during the first few hours of life.","volume":"43","author":"Gandy","year":"1964","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"2021121003213316600_B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.49.4.504","article-title":"Newborn temperature and calculated heat loss in the delivery room.","volume":"49","author":"Dahm","year":"1972","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2021121003213316600_B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1177\/000992289903800506","article-title":"Maternal fever and neonatal depression: preliminary observations.","volume":"38","author":"Perlman","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin Pediatr"},{"key":"2021121003213316600_B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.105.1.8","article-title":"Intrapartum maternal fever and neonatal outcome.","volume":"105","author":"Lieberman","year":"2000","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2021121003213316600_B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1004","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.100.6.1004","article-title":"Interventions for perinatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy [see comments].","volume":"100","author":"Vannucci","year":"1997","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2021121003213316600_B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F85","DOI":"10.1136\/fn.78.2.F85","article-title":"Treatment of hypoxic-ischemic brain damage by moderate hypothermia.","volume":"78","author":"Edwards","year":"1998","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed"},{"key":"2021121003213316600_B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.102.4.885","article-title":"Selective head cooling in newborn infants after perinatal asphyxia: a safety study [see comments].","volume":"102","author":"Gunn","year":"1998","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2021121003213316600_B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1515\/jpme.1992.20.4.297","article-title":"Oro-naso-pharyngeal suction at birth: effects on respiratory adaptation of normal term vaginally born infants.","volume":"20","author":"Estol","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Perinatal Med"},{"key":"2021121003213316600_B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(71)80224-X","article-title":"Neonatal bradycardia following nasopharyngeal stimulation.","volume":"78","author":"Cordero","year":"1971","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"2021121003213316600_B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.85.5.715","article-title":"Meconium aspiration syndrome: have we made a difference? [see comments].","volume":"85","author":"Wiswell","year":"1990","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2021121003213316600_B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(76)90525-1","article-title":"Combined obstetric and pediatric approach to prevent meconium aspiration syndrome.","volume":"126","author":"Carson","year":"1976","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"2021121003213316600_B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-999454","article-title":"Efficacy of bulb versus DeLee suction at deliveries complicated by meconium stained amniotic fluid [see comments].","volume":"7","author":"Locus","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am J Perinatol"},{"key":"2021121003213316600_B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1106","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(89)90643-1","article-title":"Meconium aspiration syndrome: intrapartum and neonatal attributes [see comments].","volume":"161","author":"Rossi","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"2021121003213316600_B39","first-page":"349","article-title":"Failure to prevent meconium aspiration syndrome.","volume":"71","author":"Falciglia","year":"1988","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"2021121003213316600_B40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-3782(95)01625-D","article-title":"Meconium aspiration syndrome: prevention and treatment.","volume":"41","author":"Greenough","year":"1995","journal-title":"Early Hum Dev"},{"key":"2021121003213316600_B41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-3955(16)38618-7","article-title":"Meconium staining and the meconium aspiration syndrome: unresolved issues.","volume":"40","author":"Wiswell","year":"1993","journal-title":"Pediatr Clin North Am"},{"key":"2021121003213316600_B42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.105.1.1","article-title":"Meconium in the Delivery Room Trial Group: delivery room management of the apparently vigorous meconium-stained neonate: results of the multicenter collaborative trial.","volume":"105","author":"Wiswell","year":"2000","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2021121003213316600_B43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(88)80183-5","article-title":"Need for endotracheal intubation and suction in meconium-stained neonates.","volume":"112","author":"Linder","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"2021121003213316600_B44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(79)91218-2","article-title":"Role of carotid-body chemoreceptors and their reflex interactions in bradycardia and cardiac arrest.","volume":"1","author":"de Burgh Daly M, Angell-James JE, Elsner R","year":"1979","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2021121003213316600_B45"},{"key":"2021121003213316600_B46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2054","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1993.75.5.2054","article-title":"Cerebral blood flow and evoked potentials during reoxygenation with 21 or 100% O2 in newborn pigs.","volume":"75","author":"Rootwelt","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"2021121003213316600_B47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-199312000-00023","article-title":"Resuscitation of asphyxic newborn infants with room air or 100% oxygen.","volume":"34","author":"Ramji","year":"1993","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"key":"2021121003213316600_B48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.102.1.e1","article-title":"Resuscitation of asphyxiated newborn infants with room air or oxygen: an international controlled trial: the Resair 2 Study.","volume":"102","author":"Saugstad","year":"1998","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2021121003213316600_B49","first-page":"761","article-title":"Evaluation of mask-bag ventilation in resuscitation of infants.","volume":"141","author":"Kanter","year":"1987","journal-title":"Am J Dis Child"},{"key":"2021121003213316600_B50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(85)92038-0","article-title":"An evaluation of the efficiency of face masks in the resuscitation of newborn infants.","volume":"1","author":"Palme","year":"1985","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2021121003213316600_B51"},{"key":"2021121003213316600_B52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1213\/00000539-199909000-00018","article-title":"Neonatal resuscitation with the laryngeal mask airway in normal and low birth weight infants.","volume":"89","author":"Gandini","year":"1999","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"2021121003213316600_B53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(76)80946-8","article-title":"Endotracheal tube displacement in the newborn infant.","volume":"89","author":"Todres","year":"1976","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"2021121003213316600_B54","first-page":"1007","article-title":"Optimal positioning of endotracheal tubes for ventilation of preterm infants.","volume":"145","author":"Rotschild","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am J Dis Child."},{"key":"2021121003213316600_B55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jp.7200136","article-title":"The pediatric end-tidal carbon dioxide detector role in endotracheal intubation in newborns.","volume":"19","author":"Aziz","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Perinatol"},{"key":"2021121003213316600_B56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1042","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.89.6.1042","article-title":"Utility of an end-tidal carbon dioxide detector during stabilization and transport of critically ill children.","volume":"89","author":"Bhende","year":"1992","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2021121003213316600_B57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-0644(86)80423-1","article-title":"Optimum position for external cardiac compression in infants and young children.","volume":"15","author":"Orlowski","year":"1986","journal-title":"Ann Emerg Med"},{"key":"2021121003213316600_B58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1024","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(86)91284-5","article-title":"Relation of infant heart to sternum: its significance in cardiopulmonary resuscitation.","volume":"1","author":"Phillips","year":"1986","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2021121003213316600_B59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM196309192691204","article-title":"An improved technic of external cardiac compression in infants and young children.","volume":"269","author":"Thaler","year":"1963","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2021121003213316600_B60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.81.4.552","article-title":"Closed chest cardiac massage in the newborn infant.","volume":"81","author":"David","year":"1988","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2021121003213316600_B61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(75)80372-6","article-title":"Methods of external cardiac massage in the newborn infant.","volume":"86","author":"Todres","year":"1975","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"2021121003213316600_B62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-0644(05)80212-4","article-title":"Two-thumb versus two-finger chest compression during CPR in a swine infant model of cardiac arrest [see comments].","volume":"22","author":"Menegazzi","year":"1993","journal-title":"Ann Emerg Med"},{"key":"2021121003213316600_B63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1080\/10903129708958789","article-title":"A randomized, controlled trial of two-thumb vs two-finger chest compression in a swine infant model of cardiac arrest [see comment].","volume":"1","author":"Houri","year":"1997","journal-title":"Prehosp Emerg Care"},{"key":"2021121003213316600_B64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1990.68.2.554","article-title":"Age-related effects of compression rate and duration in cardiopulmonary resuscitation.","volume":"68","author":"Dean","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"2021121003213316600_B65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-198912000-00006","article-title":"Blood flow during cardiopulmonary resuscitation with simultaneous compression and ventilation in infant pigs.","volume":"26","author":"Berkowitz","year":"1989","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"key":"2021121003213316600_B66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1016\/S0095-5108(18)30045-9","article-title":"Medication use in neonatal resuscitation.","volume":"26","author":"Burchfield","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin Perinatol"},{"key":"2021121003213316600_B67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(84)80003-7","article-title":"Use of catecholamines in pediatrics.","volume":"105","author":"Zaritsky","year":"1984","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"2021121003213316600_B68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-199112000-00017","article-title":"Epinephrine dosage effects on cerebral and myocardial blood flow in an infant swine model of cardiopulmonary resuscitation.","volume":"75","author":"Berkowitz","year":"1991","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"2021121003213316600_B69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1695","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-199610000-00016","article-title":"A randomized, blinded trial of high-dose epinephrine versus standard-dose epinephrine in a swine model of pediatric asphyxial cardiac arrest.","volume":"24","author":"Berg","year":"1996","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2021121003213316600_B70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/0300-9572(93)90120-F","article-title":"Effect of graded doses of epinephrine during asphyxia-induced bradycardia in newborn lambs.","volume":"25","author":"Burchfield","year":"1993","journal-title":"Resuscitation"},{"key":"2021121003213316600_B71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.33.5.599","article-title":"Regional cerebral blood flow in the beagle puppy model of neonatal intraventricular hemorrhage: studies during systemic hypertension.","volume":"33","author":"Pasternak","year":"1983","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"2021121003213316600_B72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.317.7153.235","article-title":"Human albumin administration in critically ill patients: systematic review of randomised controlled trials.","volume":"317","author":"Cochrane Injuries Group Albumin Reviewers","year":"1998","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2021121003213316600_B73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.1965.tb06397.x","article-title":"Blood volume of the newborn premature infant.","volume":"54","author":"Usher","year":"1965","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr Scand"},{"key":"2021121003213316600_B74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(05)81157-6","article-title":"Clinical events in association with timing of intraventricular hemorrhage in preterm infants.","volume":"121","author":"Funato","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"2021121003213316600_B75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1660","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.81.5.1660","article-title":"Buffer agents do not reverse intramyocardial acidosis during cardiac resuscitation.","volume":"81","author":"Kette","year":"1990","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2021121003213316600_B76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2121","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1991.03470150093037","article-title":"Buffer solutions may compromise cardiac resuscitation by reducing coronary perfusion pressure [published correction appears in JAMA. 1991;266:3286] [See comments].","volume":"266","author":"Kette","year":"1991","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2021121003213316600_B77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(78)81096-8","article-title":"Relationship of intravenous sodium bicarbonate infusions and cerebral intraventricular hemorrhage.","volume":"93","author":"Papile","year":"1978","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"2021121003213316600_B78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.91.2.496","article-title":"The use of sodium bicarbonate in neonatal resuscitation: help or harm?","volume":"91","author":"Hein","year":"1993","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2021121003213316600_B79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.1984.tb09930.x","article-title":"Resuscitation of the newborn: endotracheal administration of epinephrine.","volume":"73","author":"Lindemann","year":"1984","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr Scand"},{"key":"2021121003213316600_B80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/0300-9572(94)90018-3","article-title":"Epinephrine absorption following endotracheal administration: effects of hypoxia-induced low pulmonary blood flow.","volume":"27","author":"Lucas","year":"1994","journal-title":"Resuscitation"},{"key":"2021121003213316600_B81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-199205000-00008","article-title":"Age-related changes in pulmonary venous epinephrine concentration and pulmonary vascular response after intratracheal epinephrine.","volume":"31","author":"Mullett","year":"1992","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"key":"2021121003213316600_B82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F74","DOI":"10.1136\/fn.80.1.F74","article-title":"Intraosseous lines in preterm and full term neonates.","volume":"80","author":"Ellemunter","year":"1999","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed"},{"key":"2021121003213316600_B83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"898","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(80)80574-9","article-title":"Neonatal asphyxia, I: relationship of obstetric and neonatal complications to neonatal mortality in 38,405 consecutive deliveries.","volume":"96","author":"MacDonald","year":"1980","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"2021121003213316600_B84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.98.1.24","article-title":"Changes in intubation rates and outcome of very low birth weight infants: a population study.","volume":"98","author":"Poets","year":"1996","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2021121003213316600_B85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.79.1.26","article-title":"Is chronic lung disease in low birth weight infants preventable? a survey of eight centers.","volume":"79","author":"Avery","year":"1987","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2021121003213316600_B86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/S0095-5108(18)30133-7","article-title":"Surfactant: evolving issues.","volume":"25","author":"Kattwinkel","year":"1998","journal-title":"Clin Perinatol"},{"key":"2021121003213316600_B87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197407042910102","article-title":"Hypernatremia and intracranial hemorrhage in neonates.","volume":"291","author":"Simmons","year":"1974","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2021121003213316600_B88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.51.9.651","article-title":"Origin of intraventricular haemorrhage in the preterm infant.","volume":"51","author":"Hambleton","year":"1976","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"key":"2021121003213316600_B89","first-page":"419","article-title":"Further observations of the newborn scoring system.","volume":"104","author":"Apgar","year":"1962","journal-title":"Am J Dis Child"},{"key":"2021121003213316600_B90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1225","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(74)90745-4","article-title":"Assessment of the Apgar score.","volume":"2","author":"Chamberlain","year":"1974","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2021121003213316600_B91","first-page":"36","article-title":"Ethical decision-making and neonatal resuscitation.","volume":"18","author":"Byrne","year":"1994","journal-title":"Semin Perinatol"},{"key":"2021121003213316600_B92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1498","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.67.12.1498","article-title":"The ethics of cardiopulmonary resuscitation, I: background to decision making.","volume":"67","author":"Davies","year":"1992","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"key":"2021121003213316600_B93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-0644(05)80484-6","article-title":"Ethical issues in pediatric and neonatal resuscitation.","volume":"22","author":"Landwirth","year":"1993","journal-title":"Ann Emerg Med"},{"key":"2021121003213316600_B94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1645","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1996.03540200031027","article-title":"Viability, morbidity, and resource use among newborns of 501- to 800-g birth weight: National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Neonatal Research Network.","volume":"276","author":"Tyson","year":"1996","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2021121003213316600_B95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.104.3.428","article-title":"Cardiopulmonary resuscitation in the very low birth weight infant: the Vermont Oxford Network experience.","volume":"104","author":"Finer","year":"1999","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2021121003213316600_B96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.92.3.447","article-title":"How aggressive should delivery room cardiopulmonary resuscitation be for extremely low birth weight neonates? [See comments].","volume":"92","author":"Davis","year":"1993","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2021121003213316600_B97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(05)80046-0","article-title":"Cardiopulmonary resuscitation of apparently stillborn infants: survival and long-term outcome [see comments].","volume":"118","author":"Jain","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"2021121003213316600_B98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1754.1994.tb00596.x","article-title":"Outcome of resuscitated apparently stillborn infants: a ten year review.","volume":"30","author":"Yeo","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Paediatr Child Health"},{"key":"2021121003213316600_B99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F112","DOI":"10.1136\/fn.78.2.F112","article-title":"Outcome of resuscitation following unexpected apparent stillbirth.","volume":"78","author":"Casalaz","year":"1998","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed"}],"container-title":["Pediatrics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatrics\/article-pdf\/106\/3\/e29\/885879\/pe0900000g1p.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatrics\/article-pdf\/106\/3\/e29\/885879\/pe0900000g1p.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,29]],"date-time":"2023-04-29T05:31:59Z","timestamp":1682746319000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatrics\/article\/106\/3\/e29\/62975\/International-Guidelines-for-Neonatal"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2000,9,1]]},"references-count":99,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2000,9,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,9,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.106.3.e29","relation":{},"ISSN":["1098-4275","0031-4005"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1098-4275","type":"electronic"},{"value":"0031-4005","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2000,9,1]]}}}