{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T08:42:38Z","timestamp":1784191358428,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objective.<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Some retrospective evidence suggests that children with a history of croup may be at increased risk of subsequently developing asthma, atopy, and diminished pulmonary function. The objective of this study was to determine the long-term outcome of croup (as diagnosed by a physician) in early life.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods.<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Lower respiratory illnesses (LRIs) in the first 3 years of life were assessed in 884 children who were enrolled in a large longitudinal study of airway diseases at birth. Pulmonary function tests, markers of atopy, and wheezing episodes were studied at different ages between birth and 13 years.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results.<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Ten percent of children had croup with wheeze (Croup\/Wheeze), 5% had croup without wheeze (Croup\/No Wheeze), 36% had another LRI (Other LRI), and 48% had no LRI. Respiratory syncytial virus was more frequently isolated in children with Croup\/Wheeze and Other LRI than in those with Croup\/No Wheeze. There was no association between croup in early life and markers of atopy measured during the school years. Only children with Croup\/Wheeze and with Other LRI had a significant risk of subsequent persistent wheeze later in life. Significantly lower levels of indices of intrapulmonary airway function were observed at ages &amp;lt;1 (before any LRI), 6, and 11 years in children with Croup\/Wheeze and Other LRI compared with children with No LRI. Conversely, inspiratory resistance before any LRI episode was significantly higher in infants who later developed Croup\/No Wheeze than in the other 3 groups.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions.<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We distinguish 2 manifestations of croup with and without wheezing. Children who present with croup may or may not be at increased risk of subsequent recurrent lower airway obstruction, depending on the initial lower airway involvement, and preillness and postillness abnormalities in lung function associated with this condition.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.107.3.512","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,8,13]],"date-time":"2004-08-13T23:55:51Z","timestamp":1092441351000},"page":"512-518","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Relation of Two Different Subtypes of Croup Before Age Three to Wheezing, Atopy, and Pulmonary Function During Childhood:  A Prospective Study"],"prefix":"10.1542","volume":"107","author":[{"given":"Jose\u0301 A.","family":"Castro-Rodr\u0131\u0301guez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1 From the Respiratory Sciences Center, University of Arizona, College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catharine J.","family":"Holberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1 From the Respiratory Sciences Center, University of Arizona, College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wayne J.","family":"Morgan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1 From the Respiratory Sciences Center, University of Arizona, College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne L.","family":"Wright","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1 From the Respiratory Sciences Center, University of Arizona, College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marilyn","family":"Halonen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1 From the Respiratory Sciences Center, University of Arizona, College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lynn M.","family":"Taussig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1 From the Respiratory Sciences Center, University of Arizona, College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fernando D.","family":"Martinez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1 From the Respiratory Sciences Center, University of Arizona, College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"417","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2001,3,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021121009353490400_B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.56.5.336","article-title":"Croup, recurrent croup, allergy, and airways hyper-reactivity.","volume":"56","author":"Zach","year":"1981","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"key":"2021121009353490400_B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1099-0496(199705)23:5<370::AID-PPUL9>3.0.CO;2-O","article-title":"Croup. State of the art.","volume":"23","author":"Geelhoed","year":"1997","journal-title":"Pediatr Pulmonol"},{"key":"2021121009353490400_B3","first-page":"227","article-title":"The relationship between croup and asthma.","volume":"41","author":"Koning","year":"1978","journal-title":"Ann Allergy"},{"key":"2021121009353490400_B4","first-page":"239","article-title":"Relationship between recurrent croup and airway hyperreactivity.","volume":"65","author":"Limanovitch","year":"1990","journal-title":"Ann Allergy"},{"key":"2021121009353490400_B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.71.6.871","article-title":"Croup. An 11-year study in a pediatric practice.","volume":"71","author":"Denny","year":"1983","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2021121009353490400_B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.3109\/02770908609077463","article-title":"The relationship of respiratory allergies to croup.","volume":"23","author":"Laufer","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Asthma"},{"key":"2021121009353490400_B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.2500\/108854189778960117","article-title":"The relationship between allergy and croup.","volume":"10","author":"Pearlman","year":"1989","journal-title":"Allergy Proc"},{"key":"2021121009353490400_B8","first-page":"979","article-title":"Upper and lower airway hyperreactivity in recurrent croup.","volume":"121","author":"Zach","year":"1980","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis"},{"key":"2021121009353490400_B9","first-page":"95","article-title":"Pulmonary function and bronchial reactivity in children after croup.","volume":"122","author":"Gurwitz","year":"1980","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis"},{"key":"2021121009353490400_B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1295","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.1996.tb13914.x","article-title":"Risk of asthma in children with a history of croup.","volume":"85","author":"Nicolai","year":"1996","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr"},{"key":"2021121009353490400_B11","first-page":"1038","article-title":"Risk factors for childhood respiratory disease. The effect of host factors and home environmental exposures.","volume":"128","author":"Schenker","year":"1983","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis"},{"key":"2021121009353490400_B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1219","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a115242","article-title":"The Tucson Children's Respiratory Study I. Design and implementation of a prospective study of acute and chronic respiratory illness in children.","volume":"129","author":"Taussig","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2021121009353490400_B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1232","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a115243","article-title":"The Tucson Children's Respiratory Study II. Lower respiratory tract illness in the first year of life.","volume":"129","author":"Wright","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2021121009353490400_B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199501193320301","article-title":"Asthma and wheezing in the first six years of life.","volume":"332","author":"Martinez","year":"1995","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2021121009353490400_B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1112","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198810273191702","article-title":"Diminished lung function as a predisposing factor for wheezing respiratory illness in infants.","volume":"319","author":"Martinez","year":"1988","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2021121009353490400_B16"},{"key":"2021121009353490400_B17","first-page":"1013","article-title":"Maximal expiratory flows at functional residual capacity: a test of lung function for young children.","volume":"116","author":"Taussig","year":"1977","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis"},{"key":"2021121009353490400_B18","first-page":"831","article-title":"Snowbird workshop on standardization of spirometry.","volume":"119","author":"ATS Statement","year":"1979","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis"},{"key":"2021121009353490400_B19","first-page":"725","article-title":"Changes in the maximum expiratory flow volume curve in growth and aging.","volume":"127","author":"Knudson","year":"1983","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis"},{"key":"2021121009353490400_B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"946","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.52.11.946","article-title":"Peak flow variability, methacholine responsiveness and atopy as markers for detecting different wheezing phenotypes in childhood.","volume":"52","author":"Stein","year":"1997","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"2021121009353490400_B21"},{"key":"2021121009353490400_B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(98)10321-5","article-title":"Respiratory syncytial virus in early life and the subsequent risk of wheezing and allergic sensitization by age 13.","volume":"354","author":"Stein","year":"1999","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2021121009353490400_B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(79)80572-7","article-title":"Pulmonary function in children with a history of laryngotracheobronchitis.","volume":"94","author":"Loughlin","year":"1979","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"2021121009353490400_B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(82)80005-X","article-title":"Role of parainfluenza virus-specific IgE in pathogenesis of croup and wheezing subsequent to infection.","volume":"101","author":"Welliver","year":"1982","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"2021121009353490400_B25"},{"key":"2021121009353490400_B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1891","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.159.6.9811035","article-title":"Association of radiologically ascertained pneumonia before age 3 yr with asthma-like symptoms and pulmonary function during childhood: a prospective study.","volume":"159","author":"Castro-Rodriguez","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2021121009353490400_B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.95.4.500","article-title":"Asthma and Immunoglobulin E antibodies after respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis: a prospective cohort study with matched controls.","volume":"95","author":"Sigurs","year":"1995","journal-title":"Pediatrics"}],"container-title":["Pediatrics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatrics\/article-pdf\/107\/3\/512\/891834\/512.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatrics\/article-pdf\/107\/3\/512\/891834\/512.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,10]],"date-time":"2021-12-10T21:25:15Z","timestamp":1639171515000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatrics\/article\/107\/3\/512\/65984\/Relation-of-Two-Different-Subtypes-of-Croup-Before"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2001,3,1]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2001,3,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,3,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.107.3.512","relation":{},"ISSN":["1098-4275","0031-4005"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1098-4275","type":"electronic"},{"value":"0031-4005","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2001,3,1]]}}}