{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T22:05:12Z","timestamp":1774562712025,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objective.<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Epidural use has been associated with a higher rate of neonatal sepsis evaluation. Epidural-related fever explains some of the increase but not the excess of neonatal sepsis evaluations in afebrile women<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods.<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We studied 1109 women who had singleton term pregnancies and who presented in spontaneous labor and were afebrile during labor (&amp;lt;100.4\u00b0F). Neonatal sepsis evaluation generally was performed on the basis of the presence of 1 major or 2 minor criteria. Major criteria included rupture of membranes for &amp;gt;24 hours or sustained fetal heart rate of &amp;gt;160 beats per minute. Minor criteria included a maternal temperature of 99.6\u00b0F to 100.4\u00b0F, rupture of membranes for 12 to 24 hours, maternal admission white blood cell count of &amp;gt;15\u2009000 cells\/mL3, or an Apgar score of &amp;lt;7 at 5 minutes.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results.<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Infants of afebrile women with epidural analgesia were more likely to be evaluated for sepsis than infants of women without epidural (20.4% vs 8.9%), although not more likely to have neonatal sepsis. An increased risk of sepsis evaluation persisted in regression analysis (odds ratio: 3.1; 95% confidence interval: 2.0, 4.7) after controlling for confounders and was not explained by longer labors with epidural. Women with epidural were significantly more likely to have major and minor criteria for sepsis evaluation, including fetal tachycardia (4.4% vs 0.4%), rupture of membranes for &amp;gt;24 hours (6.2% vs 3.4%), low-grade fever of 99.6\u00b0F to 100.4\u00b0F (24.3% vs 5.2%), and rupture of membranes for 12 to 24 hours (21.4% vs 5.2%) than women without epidural.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions.<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Epidural analgesia is associated with increased rates of major and minor criteria for neonatal sepsis evaluations in afebrile women.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.108.5.1099","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,8,13]],"date-time":"2004-08-13T23:55:51Z","timestamp":1092441351000},"page":"1099-1102","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Maternal Epidural Use and Neonatal Sepsis Evaluation in  Afebrile Mothers"],"prefix":"10.1542","volume":"108","author":[{"given":"Laura","family":"Goetzl","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas; and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology,"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amy","family":"Cohen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brigham and Women's Hospital and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"suffix":"Jr","given":"Fredric","family":"Frigoletto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Massachusetts General Hospital, and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Steven A.","family":"Ringer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Joint Program in Neonatology (Brigham and Women's Hospital, Children's Hospital, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center), Harvard Medical School, and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Janet M.","family":"Lang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ellice","family":"Lieberman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brigham and Women's Hospital and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"417","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2001,11,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021121003560989100_B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-199707000-00018","article-title":"Update on U.S. OB anesthesia practices.","volume":"87","author":"Hawkins","year":"1977","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"2021121003560989100_B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1016\/0029-7844(95)00269-W","article-title":"Randomized trial of epidural versus intravenous analgesia during 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[letter].","volume":"101","author":"Dolak","year":"1998","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2021121003560989100_B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(93)90015-B","article-title":"The effect of intrapartum epidural analgesia on nulliparous labor: a randomized, controlled, prospective trial.","volume":"169","author":"Thorp","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"2021121003560989100_B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(98)70431-4","article-title":"The course of labor with and without epidural anesthesia.","volume":"178","author":"Alexander","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Obstet 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