{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,10]],"date-time":"2026-01-10T06:56:02Z","timestamp":1768028162359,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,4,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Objective. In an attempt to foster self-soothing during the night, a novel sleep aid infused with maternal odor was introduced to 4 groups of infants ranging in age from 3 to 12 months. Infants\u2019 use of parent-provided sleep aids also was examined.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Methodology. Nighttime sleep and waking behaviors were videotaped for 2 consecutive nights on 3 occasions over a 3-month interval. Using all-night video recording, the study examined the infant\u2019s use of a novel sleep aid and parent-provided sleep aids during sleep onset and after nighttime awakenings.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Results. Results indicated that infants of different ages differed in the types of sleep aids used when falling asleep either at the beginning of the night or after awakenings in the middle of the night. More 3-month-olds used their thumbs\/fingers\/hands, whereas more 6-month-olds used soft objects. The 6-month-olds were most likely to use the novel sleep aid. Almost all of the infants at all 4 ages used some type of object during the night. Intra-individual analyses showed that infants tended to change their pattern of sleep aid use over the 3-month study period.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Conclusions. The data provide evidence that infants during the first year of life use sleep aids frequently and interchangeably rather than a specific favorite object.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.109.4.594","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,8,14]],"date-time":"2004-08-14T00:17:55Z","timestamp":1092442675000},"page":"594-601","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Use of Sleep Aids During the First Year of Life"],"prefix":"10.1542","volume":"109","author":[{"given":"Melissa M.","family":"Burnham","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human and Community Development, Infant-Family Development Laboratory, University of California, Davis, Davis, California"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Beth L.","family":"Goodlin-Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychiatry, Infant-Family Development Laboratory, University of California, Davis, Davis, California"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Erika E.","family":"Gaylor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human and Community Development, Infant-Family Development Laboratory, University of California, Davis, Davis, California"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas F.","family":"Anders","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychiatry, Infant-Family Development Laboratory, University of California, Davis, Davis, California"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"417","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2002,4,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021121006210785800_R1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Richman N. A community survey of characteristics of 1\u20132 year olds with sleep disruption. J Am Acad Child Psychiatry.1981;26:281\u2013291","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-7138(09)60989-4"},{"key":"2021121006210785800_R2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bernal J. Night waking in infants during the first 14 months. Dev Med Child Neurol.1973;15:362\u2013372","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.1972.tb02602.x"},{"key":"2021121006210785800_R3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anders TF, Keener M. Developmental course of nighttime sleep-wake patterns in full-term and premature infants during the first year of life: I. Sleep.1985;8:173\u2013192","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/8.3.173"},{"key":"2021121006210785800_R4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sadeh A, Acebo C, Seifer R, Aytur S, Carskadon MA. Activity-based assessment of sleep-wake patterns during the 1st year of life. Infant Behav Dev.1995;18:329\u2013337","DOI":"10.1016\/0163-6383(95)90021-7"},{"key":"2021121006210785800_R5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anders TF, Halpern LF, Hua J. Sleeping through the night: a developmental perspective. Pediatrics.1992;90:554\u2013560","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.90.4.554"},{"key":"2021121006210785800_R6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anders TF. Night-waking in infants during the first year of life. Pediatrics.1979;63:860\u2013864","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.63.6.860"},{"key":"2021121006210785800_R7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goodlin-Jones BL, Burnham MM, Gaylor EE, Anders TF. Night waking, sleep-wake organization, and self-soothing in the first year of life. Dev Behav Pediatr.2001;22:226\u2013233","DOI":"10.1097\/00004703-200108000-00003"},{"key":"2021121006210785800_R8","unstructured":"Ferber R, Kryger M, eds. Principles and Practice of Sleep Medicine in the Child. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;1995"},{"key":"2021121006210785800_R9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mindell JA. Sleep disorders in children. Health Psychol.1993;12:151\u2013162","DOI":"10.1037\/0278-6133.12.2.151"},{"key":"2021121006210785800_R10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"France KG, Blampied NM. Infant sleep disturbance: description of a problem behaviour process. Sleep Med Rev.1999;3:265\u2013280","DOI":"10.1053\/smrv.1999.0071"},{"key":"2021121006210785800_R11","unstructured":"Paret I. Night waking and its relationship to mother-infant interaction in nine month old infants. In: Call J, Galenson E, Tyson R, eds. Frontiers of Infant Psychiatry. New York, NY: Basic Books;1983:171\u2013178"},{"key":"2021121006210785800_R12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Keener MA, Zeanah CH, Anders TF. Infant temperament, sleep organization, and nighttime parental interventions. Pediatrics.1988;81:762\u2013771","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.81.6.762"},{"key":"2021121006210785800_R13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wolf AW, Lozoff B. Object attachment, thumb sucking, and the passage to sleep. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry.1989;28:287\u2013292","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-198903000-00024"},{"key":"2021121006210785800_R14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Passman RH, Halonen JS. A developmental survey of young children\u2019s attachments to inanimate objects. J Genet Psychol.1979;134:165\u2013178","DOI":"10.1080\/00221325.1979.10534051"},{"key":"2021121006210785800_R15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Furby L, Wilke M. Some characteristics of infants\u2019 preferred toys. J Genet Psychol.1982;140:207\u2013219","DOI":"10.1080\/00221325.1982.10534193"},{"key":"2021121006210785800_R16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hong KM, Townes BD. Infants\u2019 attachment to inanimate objects. J Am Acad Child Psychiatry.1976;15:49\u201361","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-7138(09)62260-3"},{"key":"2021121006210785800_R17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morelli GA, Rogoff B, Oppenheim D, Goldsmith D. Cultural variation in infants\u2019 sleeping arrangements: questions of independence. Dev Psychol.1992;28:604\u2013613","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.28.4.604"},{"key":"2021121006210785800_R18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Academy of Pediatrics, Task Force on Infant Sleep Position and Sudden Infant Death Syndrome. Changing concepts of sudden infant death syndrome: implications for infant sleeping environment and sleep position. Pediatrics.2000;105:650\u2013656","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.105.3.650"},{"key":"2021121006210785800_R19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mitchell EA, Thompson JMD, Ford RPK, Taylor BJ. Sheepskin bedding and the sudden infant death syndrome. J Pediatr.1998;133:701\u2013704","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(98)70116-7"},{"key":"2021121006210785800_R20","unstructured":"Sears W. Nighttime Parenting: How to Get Your Baby and Child to Sleep. New York, NY: Plume;1985"},{"key":"2021121006210785800_R21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Porter RH, Makin JW, Davis LB, Christensen KM. Breast-fed infants respond to olfactory cues from their own mother and unfamiliar lactating females. Infant Behav Dev.1992;15:85\u201393","DOI":"10.1016\/0163-6383(92)90008-T"},{"key":"2021121006210785800_R22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Polan HJ, Hofer MA. Olfactory preference for mother over home nest shavings by newborn rats. Dev Psychobiol.1998;33:5\u201320","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-2302(199807)33:1<5::AID-DEV2>3.0.CO;2-P"},{"key":"2021121006210785800_R23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goodlin-Jones BL, Eiben LA, Anders TF. Maternal well-being and sleep-wake behaviors in infants: an intervention using maternal odor. Infant Ment Health J.1997;18:378\u2013393","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0355(199724)18:4<378::AID-IMHJ5>3.0.CO;2-H"},{"key":"2021121006210785800_R24","unstructured":"Hollingshead AB. Four-Factor Index of Social Status. New Haven, CT: Yale University Sociology Department;1975"},{"key":"2021121006210785800_R25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anders TF, Sostek AM. The use of time-lapse video recording of sleep-wake behavior in human infants. Psychophysiology.1976;13:155\u2013158","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8986.1976.tb00092.x"},{"key":"2021121006210785800_R26","unstructured":"Emde RN, Gaensbauer TJ, Harmon RJ. Emotional expression in infancy: a biobehavioral study. Psychological Issues, A Monograph Series. Vol. 10. New York, NY: International Universities Press;1976"},{"key":"2021121006210785800_R27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Busch F. Dimensions of the first transitional object. Psychoanal Study Child.1974;29:215\u2013229","DOI":"10.1080\/00797308.1974.11822620"},{"key":"2021121006210785800_R28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Litt CJ. Theories of transitional object attachment: an overview. Int J Behav Dev.1986;9:383\u2013399","DOI":"10.1177\/016502548600900308"},{"key":"2021121006210785800_R29","unstructured":"Winnicott DW. Transitional objects and transitional phenomena: a study of the first not-me possession. Int J Psycho-Analysis.1953;34:89\u201397"},{"key":"2021121006210785800_R30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Piaget J. The Origins of Intelligence in Children. Cook M, trans. New York, NY: International Universities Press;1952","DOI":"10.1037\/11494-000"}],"container-title":["Pediatrics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatrics\/article-pdf\/109\/4\/594\/1114253\/pe0402000594.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatrics\/article-pdf\/109\/4\/594\/1114253\/pe0402000594.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,29]],"date-time":"2023-04-29T05:37:52Z","timestamp":1682746672000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatrics\/article\/109\/4\/594\/64100\/Use-of-Sleep-Aids-During-the-First-Year-of-Life"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2002,4,1]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2002,4,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,4,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.109.4.594","relation":{},"ISSN":["0031-4005","1098-4275"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0031-4005","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-4275","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2002,4,1]]}}}