{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]],"date-time":"2026-02-12T12:35:59Z","timestamp":1770899759381,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Objective. To summarize national trends in the incidence of congenital syphilis (CS) and associated mortality.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>Methods. We analyzed CS surveillance data reported to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention by 50 states and the District of Columbia from 1992\u20131998.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>Results. From 1992\u20131998, 942 deaths, including 760 stillbirths, were reported among 14 627 cases of CS, yielding a case fatality ratio (stillborns and deaths\/all cases) of 6.4%. Untreated, inadequately treated, or undocumented treatment of syphilis during pregnancy accounted for 87.4% of reported cases. Among CS cases, there was an inverse relationship between the number of prenatal care visits (0, 1\u20134, 5\u20139, \u226510) and risk of fatal outcome. Among deaths, 52% of deliveries occurred by 30 weeks\u2019 gestation. Among live born infants with CS, death occurred more often in infants for whom no radiograph or cerebrospinal fluid evaluation was reported. Although both cases and deaths from CS declined from 1992\u20131998, there was no significant change in the case fatality ratio.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>Conclusion. Mortality associated with CS continues to be an important public health problem that will resurge if adult syphilis rates increase. Because a large proportion of deaths occur at low gestational age, earlier diagnosis and treatment of maternal syphilis may substantially reduce the case fatality ratio.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.109.5.e79","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,8,14]],"date-time":"2004-08-14T00:17:55Z","timestamp":1092442675000},"page":"e79-e79","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":60,"title":["Mortality Associated With Congenital Syphilis in the United States, 1992\u20131998"],"prefix":"10.1542","volume":"109","author":[{"given":"Deborah A.","family":"Gust","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Division of STD Prevention, National Center for HIV, STD and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30333"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"William C.","family":"Levine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Division of STD Prevention, National Center for HIV, STD and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30333"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael E.","family":"St. Louis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Division of STD Prevention, National Center for HIV, STD and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30333"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jim","family":"Braxton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Division of STD Prevention, National Center for HIV, STD and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30333"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stuart M.","family":"Berman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Division of STD Prevention, National Center for HIV, STD and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30333"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"417","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2002,5,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021121006282392600_R1","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Congenital syphilis\u2014United States, 1998. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep.1999;48:757\u201361"},{"key":"2021121006282392600_R2","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Epidemic of congenital syphilis\u2014Baltimore, 1996\u20131997. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep.1998;47:904\u2013907"},{"key":"2021121006282392600_R3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Southwick KL, Guidry HM, Weldon M, Mertz KJ, Berman SM, Levine WC. An epidemic of congenital syphilis in Jefferson County, Texas 1994\u20131995: inadequate prenatal syphilis testing after an outbreak in adults. Am J Public Health.1999;89:557\u2013560","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.89.4.557"},{"key":"2021121006282392600_R4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stoll BJ. Congenital syphilis: evaluation and management of neonates born to mothers with reactive serological tests for syphilis. Pediatr Infect Dis J.1994;13:845\u2013853","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-199410000-00001"},{"key":"2021121006282392600_R5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beck-Sague C, Alexander ER. Failure of benzathine penicillin G treatment in early congenital syphilis. Pediatr Infect Dis J.1987;6:1061\u20131064","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-198711000-00014"},{"key":"2021121006282392600_R6","unstructured":"Radcliff M, Meyer M, Roditi D, Malan A. Single-dose benzathine penicillin in infants at risk of congenital syphilis\u2014results of a randomized study. S Afr Med J.1997;87:62\u201365"},{"key":"2021121006282392600_R7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Risser WL, Hwang LY. Problems in the current case definitions of congenital syphilis. J Pediatr.1996;129:499\u2013505","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(96)70113-0"},{"key":"2021121006282392600_R8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yetman RJ, Risser WL, Barth BA, Risser JM, Hwang LY. Problems in physician\u2019s classification and reporting of congenital syphilis. Int J STD AIDS.1998;9:765\u2013768","DOI":"10.1258\/0956462981921387"},{"key":"2021121006282392600_R9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kaufman RE, Jones OG, Blount JH, Weisner PJ. Questionnaire survey of reported early congenital syphilis: problems in diagnosis, prevention and treatment. Sex Transm Dis.1997;4:135\u2013139","DOI":"10.1097\/00007435-197710000-00003"},{"key":"2021121006282392600_R10","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Guidelines for the prevention and control of congenital syphilis. MMWR Morb Mort Wkly Rep.1988;37(suppl S-1):1\u201313"},{"key":"2021121006282392600_R11","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Case definitions for infectious conditions under public health surveillance. MMWR Morb Mort Wkly Rep.1997;46:RR-10"},{"key":"2021121006282392600_R12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sachs BP, Fretts RC, Gardner R, Hellerstein S, Wampler NS, Wise PH. The impact of extreme prematurity and congenital anomalies on the interpretation of international comparisons of infant mortality. Obstet Gynecol.1995;85:941\u2013946","DOI":"10.1016\/0029-7844(95)00056-W"},{"key":"2021121006282392600_R13","unstructured":"MacDorman MF, Atkinson JO. Infant mortality statistics from the 1996 period linked birth\/infant death data set. Monthly Vital Stat Rep.1988;46(suppl). Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics; 1998"},{"key":"2021121006282392600_R14","unstructured":"American Academy of Pediatrics and American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Guidelines for Prenatal Care.. 4th ed. Elk Grove Village, IL, and Washington, DC: American Academy of Pediatrics and American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists;1997"},{"key":"2021121006282392600_R15","unstructured":"Lewis CT, Mathews TJ, Heuser RL. Prenatal care in the United States, 1980\u20131994. National Center for Health Statistics. Vital Health Stat.1996;21:1\u201317"},{"key":"2021121006282392600_R16","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Guidelines for treatment of sexually transmitted diseases. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep.1998;47:RR-1"},{"key":"2021121006282392600_R17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Webber MP, Lambert G, Bateman DA, Hauser WA. Maternal risk factors for congenital syphilis: a case-control study. Am J Epidemiol.1993;137:415\u2013422","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a116690"}],"container-title":["Pediatrics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatrics\/article-pdf\/109\/5\/e79\/1115236\/pe0502000e79.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatrics\/article-pdf\/109\/5\/e79\/1115236\/pe0502000e79.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,10]],"date-time":"2021-12-10T14:54:16Z","timestamp":1639148056000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatrics\/article\/109\/5\/e79\/64266\/Mortality-Associated-With-Congenital-Syphilis-in"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2002,5,1]]},"references-count":17,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2002,5,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,5,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.109.5.e79","relation":{},"ISSN":["0031-4005","1098-4275"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0031-4005","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-4275","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2002,5,1]]}}}