{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,14]],"date-time":"2026-02-14T05:12:57Z","timestamp":1771045977345,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Background.\u2008Ureaplasma urealyticum and its association with chronic lung disease (CLD) of prematurity has remained a controversial topic. To readdress this question, we performed a longitudinal study using culture and polymerase chain reaction to detect U urealyticum in the respiratory tract of very low birthweight infants throughout their neonatal intensive care unit hospitalizations.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Methods. We screened 125 infants weighing &amp;lt;1500 g and\/or &amp;lt;32 weeks\u2019 gestational age over a 12-month period, collecting endotracheal, nasopharyngeal, and throat specimens on days of age 1, 3, 7, and weekly thereafter. CLD was defined as dependency on supplemental oxygen at 28 days and at 36 weeks\u2019 postconceptional age.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Results. Forty infants (32%) had 1 or more positive specimens by culture or polymerase chain reaction. We identified 3 patterns of U urealyticum colonization: persistently positive (n = 18), early transient (n = 14), and late acquisition (n = 8). We compared the rates of CLD in each of the 3 colonized groups with the rate of CLD in the noncolonized group. We found a significantly higher rate of CLD at 28 days of age (odds ratio: 8.7; 95% confidence interval: 3.3, 23) and at 36 weeks\u2019 postconception (odds ratio: 38.5, 95% confidence interval: 4.0, 374) only for infants with persistently positive colonization.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Conclusions. This study demonstrates that the risk of developing CLD varies with the pattern of U urealyticum colonization. Only the persistently positive colonization pattern, which accounted for 45% of the U urealyticum-positive infants, was associated with a significantly increased risk of development of CLD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.110.4.e45","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,8,14]],"date-time":"2004-08-14T00:17:55Z","timestamp":1092442675000},"page":"e45-e45","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":59,"title":["Patterns of Colonization With<i>Ureaplasma urealyticum<\/i>During Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Hospitalizations of Very Low Birth Weight Infants and the Development of Chronic Lung Disease"],"prefix":"10.1542","volume":"110","author":[{"given":"Susana","family":"Castro-Alcaraz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Schneider Children\u2019s Hospital, North Shore\u2014Long Island Jewish Health System, Long Island, New York"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ellen M.","family":"Greenberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Children\u2019s Hospital of New York, Columbia University, New York, New York"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David A.","family":"Bateman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Children\u2019s Hospital of New York, Columbia University, New York, New York"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joan A.","family":"Regan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Children\u2019s Hospital of New York, Columbia University, New York, New York"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"417","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2002,10,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021121006420649800_R1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Korhonen P, Tammela O, Koivisto AM, Laippala P, Ikonen S. Frequency and risk factors in bronchopulmonary dysplasia in a cohort of very low birth weight infants. Early Hum Dev.1999;54:245\u2013258","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-3782(98)00101-7"},{"key":"2021121006420649800_R2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gorenflo M, Vogel M, Herbst L, Bassir C, Kattner E, Obladen M. Influence of clinical and ventilatory parameters on morphology of bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Pediatr Pulmonol.1995;19:214\u2013220","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.1950190405"},{"key":"2021121006420649800_R3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Konishi M, Fujiwara T, Chida S, et al. A prospective, randomized trial of early versus late administration of a single dose of surfactant-TA. Early Hum Dev.1992;29:275\u2013282","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-3782(92)90164-C"},{"key":"2021121006420649800_R4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shenai JP, Kennedy KA, Chytil F, Stahlman MT. Clinical trial of vitamin A supplementation in infants susceptible to bronchopulmonary dysplasia. J Pediatr.1987;111:269\u2013277","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(87)80086-0"},{"key":"2021121006420649800_R5","unstructured":"Tyson JE, Wright LL, Oh W, et al. Vitamin A supplementation for extremely-low-birth-weight infants. National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Neonatal Research Network. N Engl J Med.1999;340:1962\u20131968"},{"key":"2021121006420649800_R6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tammela OK, Koivisto ME. Fluid restriction for preventing bronchopulmonary dysplasia? Reduced fluid intake during the first weeks of life improves the outcome of low-birth-weight infants. Acta Paediatr.1992;81:207\u2013212","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.1992.tb12205.x"},{"key":"2021121006420649800_R7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Van Marter LJ, Pagano M, Allred EN, Leviton A, Kuban KC. Rate of bronchopulmonary dysplasia as a function of neonatal intensive care practices. J Pediatr.1992;120:938\u2013946","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(05)81968-7"},{"key":"2021121006420649800_R8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rojas MA, Gonzalez A, Bancalari E, Claure N, Poole C, Silva-Neto G. Changing trends in the epidemiology and pathogenesis of neonatal chronic lung disease. J Pediatr.1995;126:605\u2013610","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(95)70362-4"},{"key":"2021121006420649800_R9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Watterberg KL, Demers LM, Scott SM, Murphy S. Chorioamnionitis and early lung inflammation in infants in whom bronchopulmonary dysplasia develops. Pediatrics.1996;97:210\u2013215","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.97.2.210"},{"key":"2021121006420649800_R10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Numazaki K, Chiba S, Kogawa K, Umetsu M, Motoya H, Nakao T. Chronic respiratory disease in premature infants caused by Chlamydia trachomatis.J Clin Pathol.1986;39:84\u201388","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.39.1.84"},{"key":"2021121006420649800_R11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sawyer MH, Edwards DK, Spector SA. Cytomegalovirus infection and bronchopulmonary dysplasia in premature infants. Am J Dis Child.1987;141:303\u2013305","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.1987.04460030081030"},{"key":"2021121006420649800_R12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Couroucli XI, Welty SE, Ramsay PL, et al. Detection of microorganisms in the tracheal aspirates of preterm infants by polymerase chain reaction: association of adenovirus infection with bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Pediatr Res.2000;47:225\u2013232","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-200002000-00013"},{"key":"2021121006420649800_R13","unstructured":"Sanchez, PJ and Regan, JA. Ureaplasma urealyticum colonization and chronic lung disease in low birth weight infants. Pediatr Infect Dis J.1988;7:542\u2013546"},{"key":"2021121006420649800_R14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cassell GH, Waites KB, Crouse DT, et al. Association of Ureaplasma urealyticum infection of the lower respiratory tract with chronic lung disease and death in very-low-birth-weight infants. Lancet.1988;2:240\u2013245","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(88)92536-6"},{"key":"2021121006420649800_R15","unstructured":"Wang EE, Frayha H, Watts J, et al. Role of Ureaplasma urealyticium and other pathogens in the development of chronic lung disease of prematurity. Pediatr Infect Dis J.1988;7:547\u2013551"},{"key":"2021121006420649800_R16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Horowitz S, Landau D, Shinwell ES, Zmora E, Dagan R. Respiratory tract colonization with Ureaplasma urealyticum and bronchopulmonary dysplasia in neonates in southern Israel. Pediatr Infect Dis J.1992;11:847\u2013851","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-199210000-00008"},{"key":"2021121006420649800_R17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Payne NR, Steinberg SS, Ackerman P, et al. New prospective studies of the association of Ureaplasma urealyticum colonization and chronic lung disease. Clin Infect Dis.1993;17:S117\u2013S121","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/17.Supplement_1.S117"},{"key":"2021121006420649800_R18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang EE, Cassell GH, Sanchez PJ, Regan JA, Payne NR, Liu PP. Ureaplasma urealyticum and chronic lung disease of prematurity: critical appraisal of the literature on causation. Clin Infect Dis.1993;17:S112\u2013S116","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/17.Supplement_1.S112"},{"key":"2021121006420649800_R19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Crouse DT, Odrezin GT, Cutter GR, et al. Radiographic changes associated with tracheal isolation of Ureaplasma urealyticum from neonates. Clin Infect Dis.1993;17:S122\u2013S130","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/17.Supplement_1.S122"},{"key":"2021121006420649800_R20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang EE, Ohlsson A, Kellner JD. Association of Ureaplasma urealyticum colonization with chronic lung disease of prematurity: results of a metaanalysis. J Pediatr.1995;127:640\u2013644","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(95)70130-3"},{"key":"2021121006420649800_R21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alfa MJ, Embree JE, Degagne P, et al. Transmission of Ureaplasma urealyticum from mothers to full and preterm infants. Pediatr Infect Dis J.1995;14:341\u2013345","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-199505000-00001"},{"key":"2021121006420649800_R22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garland SM, Bowman ED. Role of Ureaplasma urealyticum and Chlamydia trachomatis in lung disease in low birth weight infants. Pathology.1996;28:266\u2013269","DOI":"10.1080\/00313029600169134"},{"key":"2021121006420649800_R23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Iles R, Lyon A, Ross P, McIntosh N. Infection with Ureaplasma urealyticum and Mycoplasma hominis and the development of chronic lung disease in preterm infants. Acta Paediatr.1996;85:482\u2013484","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.1996.tb14067.x"},{"key":"2021121006420649800_R24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abele-Horn M, Peters J, Genzel-Boroviczeny O, Wolff C, Zimmermann A, Gottschling W. Vaginal Ureaplasma urealyticum colonization: influence on pregnancy outcome and neonatal morbidity. Infection.1997;25:286\u2013291","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01720398"},{"key":"2021121006420649800_R25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pacifico L, Panero A, Roggini M, Rossi N, Bucci G, Chiesa C. Ureaplasma urealyticum and pulmonary outcome in a neonatal intensive care population. Pediatr Infect Dis J.1997;16:579\u2013586","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-199706000-00008"},{"key":"2021121006420649800_R26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Perzigian RW, Adams JT, Weiner GM, et al. Ureaplasma urealyticum and chronic lung disease in very low birth weight infants during the exogenous surfactant era. Pediatr Infect Dis J.1998;17:620\u2013625","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-199807000-00009"},{"key":"2021121006420649800_R27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abele-Horn M, Genzel-Boroviczeny O, Uhlig T, Zimmermann A, Peters J, Scholz M. Ureaplasma urealyticum colonization and bronchopulmonary dysplasia: a comparative prospective multicentre study. Eur J Pediatr.1998;157:1004\u20131011","DOI":"10.1007\/s004310050987"},{"key":"2021121006420649800_R28","unstructured":"Groenendaal F, Angulo AF. Ureaplasma urealyticum in tracheal aspirate of ventilated premature infants: report of 6 cases. Tijdschr Kindergeneeskd.1993;61:20\u201324"},{"key":"2021121006420649800_R29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saxen H, Hakkarainen K, Pohjavuori M, Miettinen A. Chronic lung disease of preterm infants in Finland is not associated with Ureaplasma urealyticum colonization. Acta Paediatr.1993;82:198\u2013201","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.1993.tb12638.x"},{"key":"2021121006420649800_R30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Smyth AR, Shaw NJ, Pratt BC, Weindling AM. Ureaplasma urealyticum and chronic lung disease. Eur J Pediatr.1993;152:931\u2013932","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01957534"},{"key":"2021121006420649800_R31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Da Silva O, Gregson D, Hammerberg O. Role of Ureaplasma urealyticum and Chlamydia trachomatis in development of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in very low birth weight infants. Pediatr Infect Dis J.1997;16:364\u2013369","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-199704000-00006"},{"key":"2021121006420649800_R32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"van Waarde WM, Brus F, Okken A, Kimpen JLL. Ureaplasma urealyticum colonization, prematurity and bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Eur Respir J.1997;10:886\u2013890","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.97.10040886"},{"key":"2021121006420649800_R33","unstructured":"Acosta B, Morcillo F, Viudes A, et al. Neonatal colonization by Ureaplasma urealyticum and the development of bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin.1999;17:493\u2013497"},{"key":"2021121006420649800_R34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Heggie AD, Jacobs MR, Butler VT, Baley JE, Boxerbaum B. Frequency and significance of isolation of Ureaplasma urealyticum and Mycoplasma hominis from cerebrospinal fluid and tracheal aspirate specimens form low birth weight infants. J Pediatr.1994;124:956\u2013961","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(05)83192-0"},{"key":"2021121006420649800_R35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Blanchard A, Hentschel J, Duffy L, Baldus K, Cassell GH. Detection of Ureaplasma urealyticum by polymerase chain reaction in the urogenital tract of adults, in amniotic fluid, and in the respiratory tract of newborns. Clin Infect Dis.1993;17:S148\u2013153","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/17.Supplement_1.S148"},{"key":"2021121006420649800_R36","unstructured":"Castro-Alcaraz S, Greenberg EM, Regan JA. Longitudinal study for detection of Ureaplasma urealyticum colonization of the respiratory tract in very-low-birth-weight infants. PCR vs culture: which test is better?Pediatr Res.2000;47:2002A"},{"key":"2021121006420649800_R37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rudd PT, Cassell GH, Waites KB, Davis JK, Duffy LB. Ureaplasma urealyticum pneumonia: experimental production and demonstration of age-related susceptibility. Infect Immun.1989;57:918\u2013925","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.57.3.918-925.1989"},{"key":"2021121006420649800_R38","unstructured":"Madan E, Meyer MP, Amortegui AJ. Isolation of genital mycoplasmas and Chlamydia trachomatis in stillborn and neonatal autopsy material. Arch Pathol Lab Med.1988;112:749\u2013751"},{"key":"2021121006420649800_R39","unstructured":"DeSilva NS, Quinn PA. Characterization of phospholipase A1, A2, C activity in Ureaplasma urealyticum membranes. Mol Cell Biochem.1999;201:159\u2013167"},{"key":"2021121006420649800_R40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schrama AJ, De Beaufort AJ, Jansen SM, Sukul YM, Poorthuis BJ, Berger HM. Phospholipase A2 is present in meconium and inhibits the activity of pulmonary surfactant: an in vitro study [abstract]. Pediatr Res.2000;47:375A","DOI":"10.1097\/00006254-200110000-00010"},{"key":"2021121006420649800_R41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Patterson AM, Taciak V, Lovchik J, Fox RE, Campbell AB, Viscardi RM. Ureaplasma urealyticum respiratory tract colonization is associated with an increase in interleukin 1-beta and tumor necrosis factor alpha relative to interleukin 6 in tracheal aspirates of preterm infants. Pediatr Infect Dis J.1998;17:321\u2013328","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-199804000-00011"},{"key":"2021121006420649800_R42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yoon BH, Romero R, Jun JK, et al. Amniotic fluid cytokines (interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-1 beta, and interleukin-8) and the risk for the development of bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Am J Obstet Gynecol.1997;177:825\u2013830","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(97)70276-X"},{"key":"2021121006420649800_R43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yoon BH, Romero R, Park JS, et al. Microbial invasion of the amniotic cavity with Ureaplasma urealyticum is associated with a robust host response in fetal, amniotic, and maternal compartments. Am J Obstet Gynecol.1998;179:1254\u20131260","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(98)70142-5"},{"key":"2021121006420649800_R44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ghezzi F, Gomez R, Romero R, et al. Elevated interleukin-8 concentrations in amniotic fluid of mothers whose neonates subsequently develop bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol.1998;78:5\u201310","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-2115(97)00236-4"},{"key":"2021121006420649800_R45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stancombe BB, Walsh WF, Derdak S, Dixon P, Hensley D. Induction of human neonatal pulmonary fibroblast cytokines by hyperoxia and Ureaplasma urealyticum.Clin Infect Dis.1993;17:S154\u2013S157","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/17.Supplement_1.S154"},{"key":"2021121006420649800_R46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Crouse DT, Cassell GH, Waites KB, Foster JM, Cassady G. Hyperoxia potentiates Ureaplasma urealyticum pneumonia in newborn mice. Infect Immun.1990;58:3487\u20133493","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.58.11.3487-3493.1990"},{"key":"2021121006420649800_R47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li Y-H, Brauner A, Jonsson B, et al. Ureaplasma urealyticum-induced production of proinflammatory cytokines by macrophages. Pediatr Res.2000;48:114\u2013119","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-200007000-00020"},{"key":"2021121006420649800_R48","unstructured":"Vermont-Oxford Neonatal Network Data. Burlington, VT: University of Vermont; 1999"},{"key":"2021121006420649800_R49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Van Marter LJ, Allred EN, Pagano M, et al. Do clinical markers of barotrauma and oxygen toxicity explain interhospital variation in rates of chronic lung disease?Pediatrics.2000;105:1194\u20131201","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.105.6.1194"},{"key":"2021121006420649800_R50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jobe AJ. The new BPD: an arrest of lung development. Pediatr Res.1999;46:641\u2013643","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-199912000-00007"}],"container-title":["Pediatrics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatrics\/article-pdf\/110\/4\/e45\/1117074\/pe10020000m1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatrics\/article-pdf\/110\/4\/e45\/1117074\/pe10020000m1.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,29]],"date-time":"2023-04-29T05:33:41Z","timestamp":1682746421000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatrics\/article\/110\/4\/e45\/64581\/Patterns-of-Colonization-With-Ureaplasma"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2002,10,1]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2002,10,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,10,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.110.4.e45","relation":{},"ISSN":["0031-4005","1098-4275"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0031-4005","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-4275","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2002,10,1]]}}}