{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,2]],"date-time":"2025-09-02T10:37:10Z","timestamp":1756809430544,"version":"3.40.5"},"reference-count":12,"publisher":"American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Objective. To investigate trends over time in polio extraimmunization among children in 4 large health maintenance organizations and to study the association with recent changes in polio immunization policy.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>Methods. Using 176 169 children who were born after 1994 and enrolled for their first 2 years of life, we assessed rates and trends of polio extraimmunization in the Vaccine Safety Datalink project. We used logistic regression to test the association of extraimmunization with different polio immunization schedules and with sociodemographic characteristics and used Poisson regression to test changes in rates over time.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>Results. Overall, 10.5% were extraimmunized for poliovirus; children on the all inactivated polio virus or sequential schedule were one half as likely as those on the all oral polio virus schedule to be extraimmunized by 2 years of age. There was a significant decrease in extraimmunization over time, with &amp;lt;5% of children born at the end of 1997 being extraimmunized, compared with &amp;gt;15% at the beginning of 1994.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>Conclusions. Poliovirus extraimmunization rates have fallen dramatically in association with the change-over to the all inactivated polio virus schedule.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.111.2.296","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,8,14]],"date-time":"2004-08-14T00:43:47Z","timestamp":1092444227000},"page":"296-301","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Polio Extraimmunization in Children Younger Than 2 Years After Changes in Immunization Recommendations"],"prefix":"10.1542","volume":"111","author":[{"given":"Loren K.","family":"Mell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Health Studies, Group Health Cooperative, Seattle, Washington"},{"name":"University of Chicago, Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert L.","family":"Davis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Health Studies, Group Health Cooperative, Seattle, Washington"},{"name":"University of Washington, Departments of Pediatrics and Epidemiology, Seattle, Washington"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John P.","family":"Mullooly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Health Research, Northwest Kaiser Permanente, Portland, Oregon"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Steven B.","family":"Black","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente of Northern California, Oakland, California"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Henry R.","family":"Shinefield","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente of Northern California, Oakland, California"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kenneth M.","family":"Zangwill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UCLA Center for Vaccine Research, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joel I.","family":"Ward","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UCLA Center for Vaccine Research, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S. Michael","family":"Marcy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kaiser-UCLA Vaccine Research Group, Southern California Kaiser, Permanente, Panorama City, California"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert T.","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Immunization Program, Vaccine Safety and Development Activity, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"name":"for the CDC Vaccine Safety Datalink Project","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"417","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2003,2,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021121010084012100_R1","unstructured":"National, State, and Urban Area Vaccination Coverage Levels Among Children Aged 19\u201335 Months\u2014United States, 2000. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep.2001;50:637\u2013641"},{"key":"2021121010084012100_R2","unstructured":"Summary of Notifiable Diseases, United States, 1999. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep.2001;48:1\u2013104"},{"key":"2021121010084012100_R3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Feikema SM, Klevens RM, Washington ML, Barker L. Extraimmunization among US children. JAMA.2000;283:1311\u20131317","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.283.10.1311"},{"key":"2021121010084012100_R4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Murphy TV, Pastor P, Medley F. Factors associated with unnecessary immunization given to children. Pediatr Infect Dis J.1997;16:47\u201352","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-199701000-00011"},{"key":"2021121010084012100_R5","unstructured":"Recommended Childhood Immunization Schedule-United States, 1997. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep.1997;46:35\u201339"},{"key":"2021121010084012100_R6","unstructured":"Poliomyelitis prevention in the United States: introduction of a sequential vaccination schedule of inactivated poliovirus vaccine followed by oral poliovirus vaccine. Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep.1997;46(RR-3):1\u201325"},{"key":"2021121010084012100_R7","unstructured":"Recommended Childhood Immunization Schedule-United States, 1998. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep.1998;47:8\u201312"},{"key":"2021121010084012100_R8","unstructured":"Recommended Childhood Immunization Schedule-United States, 1999. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep.1999;48:8\u201316"},{"key":"2021121010084012100_R9","unstructured":"Recommended Childhood Immunization Schedule-United States, 2000. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep.2000;49:35\u201338, 47"},{"key":"2021121010084012100_R10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Strine TW, Barker LE, Jain RB, et al. Extraimmunization in children through 2000. JAMA.2002;287:588\u2013589","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.287.5.588-a"},{"key":"2021121010084012100_R11","unstructured":"Chen RT, Destefano F, Davis RL, et al. The Vaccine Safety Datalink: immunization research in health maintenance organizations in the USA. Bull World Health Organ.2000;78:186\u2013194"},{"key":"2021121010084012100_R12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Combination vaccines for childhood immunization: recommendations of the ACIP, AAP, and AAFP. Pediatrics.1999;103:1064\u20131077","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.103.5.1064"}],"container-title":["Pediatrics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatrics\/article-pdf\/111\/2\/296\/1007685\/pe0203000296.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatrics\/article-pdf\/111\/2\/296\/1007685\/pe0203000296.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,10]],"date-time":"2021-12-10T22:29:19Z","timestamp":1639175359000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatrics\/article\/111\/2\/296\/66743\/Polio-Extraimmunization-in-Children-Younger-Than-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2003,2,1]]},"references-count":12,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2003,2,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,2,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.111.2.296","relation":{},"ISSN":["0031-4005","1098-4275"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0031-4005"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1098-4275"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2003,2,1]]}}}