{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T15:59:56Z","timestamp":1791302396433,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>This study documents the first reported transmission of Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium definitive type 104 (DT104) to premature fraternal twins via their mother\u2019s breast milk. When premature twin neonates developed severe enteritis in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU), stool samples and the mother\u2019s breast milk were cultured for the presence of Salmonella. Antibacterial susceptibility patterns were determined. Semiquantitative organism abundance data were retrospectively gathered on 54 stored breast milk samples collected on 34 different days using a rapid, real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methodology (LightCycler PCR). Fecal samples from other infants in the NICU at that time were also tested. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) was used to assess the genetic composition of the isolated organisms. The twins\u2019 neonatal stools and mother\u2019s breast milk cultures revealed a resistance pattern (R-type) to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, streptomycin, sulfonamides, and tetracycline. LightCycler PCR analysis of sequential breast milk samples confirmed this to be the likely source of transmission. In the subsequent outbreak investigation, none of the NICU surveillance fecal samples proved positive for this organism. The genetic composition of organisms isolated from the maternal breast milk was indistinguishable from those isolated from neonatal specimens as determined by PFGE. Antibiotic susceptibility tests coupled with PFGE patterns suggested that these Salmonella isolates were DT104. Because the prevalence of DT104 infections is rising in the United States, neonatologists should be aware of breast milk as a potential mode of transmission.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.111.6.1442","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,8,13]],"date-time":"2004-08-13T20:43:47Z","timestamp":1092429827000},"page":"1442-1446","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":56,"title":["Transmission of\n                    <i>Salmonella enterica<\/i>\n                    Serotype Typhimurium DT104 to Infants Through Mother\u2019s Breast Milk"],"prefix":"10.1542","volume":"111","author":[{"given":"Salah S.","family":"Qutaishat","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Saint Joseph\u2019s Hospital, Marshfield, WI 54449"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mary E.","family":"Stemper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marshfield Laboratories, Marshfield Clinic, Marshfield, WI 54449"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan K.","family":"Spencer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marshfield Medical Research Foundation, Marshfield, WI 54449"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark A.","family":"Borchardt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marshfield Medical Research Foundation, Marshfield, WI 54449"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James C.","family":"Opitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Marshfield Clinic, Marshfield, WI 54449"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Timothy A.","family":"Monson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Communicable Disease Division, Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene, Madison, WI 53706"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer L.","family":"Anderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Food Safety Services, Marshfield Clinic, Marshfield, WI 54449"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jay L. 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