{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T12:47:40Z","timestamp":1791377260550,"version":"4.3.2"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Objectives. To determine hemodynamic and antecedent risk factors for early and late periventricular\/intraventricular hemorrhage (P\/IVH) in premature infants.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Methods. Two prospective cohort studies of 126 (1995\u20131996) and 128 (1998\u20131999) infants born &amp;lt;30 weeks\u2019 gestation. Head ultrasounds were performed at &amp;lt;6 hours of age, and at 7 and 28 days of age. P\/IVH was classified as early (present on initial scan) and late (developed subsequently). Echocardiographic measurement of the superior vena cava (SVC) flow was performed at &amp;lt;6, 10, and 24 hours of age.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Results. Infants with early P\/IVH were significantly more likely to be born by vaginal delivery in both cohorts (1995\u20131996 adjusted odds ratios [OR]: 13.29; 1998\u20131999 adjusted OR: 18.15). An association with a 1-minute Apgar \u22644 was only significant in the 1998\u20131999 cohort (adjusted OR: 9.14). Low SVC flow was the only independent risk factor for late P\/IVH in both cohorts (1995\u20131996 adjusted OR: 20.39; 1998\u20131999 adjusted OR: 5.16). Adjusted for perinatal risk factors, low SVC flow was associated with lower gestation and higher average mean airway pressure in both cohorts, and with a large diameter ductus diameter only in the 1995\u20131996 cohort.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Conclusions. Early and late P\/IVH have distinct and different risk factors. Early P\/IVH is associated with vaginal delivery and possibly low Apgar scores. Late P\/IVH is associated with antecedent low SVC flow in the first day.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.112.1.33","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,8,13]],"date-time":"2004-08-13T20:43:47Z","timestamp":1092429827000},"page":"33-39","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":227,"title":["Hemodynamic and Antecedent Risk Factors of Early and Late Periventricular\/Intraventricular Hemorrhage in Premature Infants"],"prefix":"10.1542","volume":"112","author":[{"given":"David A.","family":"Osborn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Royal Prince Alfred Hospital Sydney"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nick","family":"Evans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Royal Prince Alfred Hospital Sydney"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Kluckow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, NSW, and the University of Sydney, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"417","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2003,7,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021121003393447900_R1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vohr BR, Wright LL, Dusick AM, et al. 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