{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T21:57:03Z","timestamp":1775080623562,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Objectives. In the preterm infant, lung injury can lead to irreversible tissue destruction and abnormal lung development. We examined whether pulmonary trypsin, a potent matrix-degrading serine proteinase and proteinase-cascade activator, is associated with the development of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) in preterm infants.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Methods. Samples of tracheal aspirate fluid were collected from 32 intubated preterm infants during their first 2 postnatal weeks. The presence and molecular forms of trypsin in tracheal aspirate fluid samples were analyzed by zymography and Western blotting. The concentrations of trypsinogen-1 and -2 and tumor-associated trypsin inhibitor were measured by immunofluorometry. For examining the expression of trypsin-2 in lung tissue, immunohistochemistry was performed on autopsy specimens of fetuses, of preterm infants who died from respiratory distress syndrome or BPD, and of term infants without lung injury.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Results. In infants who subsequently developed BPD (n = 18), we detected significantly higher concentrations of trypsinogen-2 during postnatal days 5 to 10 compared with those who survived without it. There was no difference in trypsinogen-1 concentrations. Tumor-associated trypsin inhibitor concentrations were significantly lower in infants who needed mechanical ventilation for &amp;gt;1 week. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated that trypsin-2 was predominantly expressed in bronchial and bronchiolar epithelium. In 2 preterm infants who died from prolonged respiratory distress syndrome, trypsin-2 was also expressed in vascular endothelium.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Conclusions. The levels of trypsinogen-2 are higher during postnatal days 5 to 10 in infants who subsequently develop BPD. The results suggest that high levels of pulmonary trypsin-2 may be associated with the development of BPD. This raises the possibility that therapy with exogenous proteinase inhibitors might prevent the development of BPD in preterm infants with respiratory distress.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.112.3.570","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,8,14]],"date-time":"2004-08-14T00:43:47Z","timestamp":1092444227000},"page":"570-577","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Pulmonary Trypsin-2 in the Development of Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia in Preterm Infants"],"prefix":"10.1542","volume":"112","author":[{"given":"Katariina","family":"Cederqvist","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Caj","family":"Haglund","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Surgery"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pa\u0308ivi","family":"Heikkila\u0308","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pathology"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Timo","family":"Sorsa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases and Institute of Dentistry"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Taina","family":"Tervahartiala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases and Institute of Dentistry"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ulf-Ha\u030akan","family":"Stenman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Chemistry"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sture","family":"Andersson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland"},{"name":"Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"417","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2003,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021120820260288700_R1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guy O, Lombardo D, Bartelt DC, Amic J, Figarella C. 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