{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T09:22:51Z","timestamp":1791278571651,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Objective. Insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) is necessary for normal development of retinal blood vessels in mice and humans. Because retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is initiated by abnormal postnatal retinal development, we hypothesized that prolonged low IGF-I in premature infants might be a risk factor for ROP.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Design. We conducted a prospective, longitudinal study measuring serum IGF-I concentrations weekly in 84 premature infants from birth (postmenstrual ages: 24\u201332 weeks) until discharge from the hospital. Infants were evaluated for ROP and other morbidity of prematurity: bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH), and necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC).<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Results. Low serum IGF-I values correlated with later development of ROP. The mean IGF-I \u00b1 SEM level during postmenstrual ages 30\u201333 weeks was lowest with severe ROP (25 \u00b1 2.41 \u03bcg\/L), 29 \u00b1 1.76 \u03bcg\/L with moderate ROP, and 33 \u00b1 1.72 \u03bcg\/L with no ROP. The duration of low IGF-I also correlated strongly with the severity of ROP. The interval from birth until serum IGF-I levels reached &amp;gt;33 \u03bcg\/L was 23 \u00b1 2.6 days for no ROP, 44 \u00b1 4.8 days for moderate ROP, and 52 \u00b1 7.5 days for severe ROP. Each adjusted stepwise increase of 5 \u03bcg\/L in mean IGF-I during postmenstrual ages 30 to 33 weeks decreased the risk of proliferative ROP by 45%. Other complications (NEC, BPD, IVH) were correlated with ROP and with low IGF-I levels. The relative risk for any morbidity (ROP, BPD, IVH, or NEC) was increased 2.2-fold (95% confidence interval: 1.41\u20133.43) if IGF-I was \u226433 \u03bcg\/L at 33 weeks\u2019 postmenstrual age.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Conclusions. These results indicate that persistent low serum concentrations of IGF-I after premature birth are associated with later development of ROP and other complications of prematurity. IGF-I is at least as strong a determinant of risk for ROP as postmenstrual age at birth and birth weight.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.112.5.1016","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,8,13]],"date-time":"2004-08-13T20:43:47Z","timestamp":1092429827000},"page":"1016-1020","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":413,"title":["Postnatal Serum Insulin-Like Growth Factor I Deficiency Is Associated With Retinopathy of Prematurity and Other Complications of Premature Birth"],"prefix":"10.1542","volume":"112","author":[{"given":"Ann","family":"Hellstro\u0308m","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Go\u0308teborg Pediatric Growth Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Institute of the Health of Women and Children"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Clinical Neuroscience"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eva","family":"Engstro\u0308m","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Go\u0308teborg Pediatric Growth Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Institute of the Health of Women and Children"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna-Lena","family":"Ha\u030ard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Clinical Neuroscience"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kerstin","family":"Albertsson-Wikland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Go\u0308teborg Pediatric Growth Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Institute of the Health of Women and Children"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bjo\u0308rn","family":"Carlsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at Go\u0308teborg University, Go\u0308teborg"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aimon","family":"Niklasson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Go\u0308teborg Pediatric Growth Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Institute of the Health of Women and Children"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chatarina","family":"Lo\u0308fqvist","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Go\u0308teborg Pediatric Growth Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Institute of the Health of Women and Children"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisabeth","family":"Svensson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Statistics, O\u0308rebro University, O\u0308rebro"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sture","family":"Holm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biostatistics Branch, Department of Mathematical Statistics, Chalmers University of Technology, Go\u0308teborg, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Uwe","family":"Ewald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Women\u2019s and Children\u2019s Health"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gerd","family":"Holmstro\u0308m","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ophthalmology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lois E. 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