{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T14:28:10Z","timestamp":1791296890417,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Objectives. Increased prevalence of familial autoimmune disease is a common finding among probands with various autoimmune disorders. Autistic disorder (autism) is a highly genetic disorder with known immune and immunogenetic abnormalities. Previous research has found an increased frequency of autoimmune disorders in families with autistic probands. We further investigated this association by determining the frequency of autoimmune disorders in families that have probands with pervasive developmental disorders (PDDs), including autism, compared with 2 control groups.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Methods. Three well-defined study groups, including 1) families that have a child with a PDD, 2) families that have a child with an autoimmune disorder, and 3) families with a healthy control child, constituted the sample. A questionnaire inquiring about which first- and second-degree family members had received a diagnosis of having specific autoimmune disorders was completed by 101 families in each group.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Results. The frequency of autoimmune disorders was significantly higher in families of the PDD probands compared with families of both the autoimmune and healthy control probands. Autoimmunity was highest among the parents of PDD probands compared with parents of the healthy control subjects. Hypothyroidism\/Hashimoto\u2019s thyroiditis and rheumatic fever were significantly more common in families with PDD probands than in the healthy control families.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Conclusions. Autoimmunity was increased significantly in families with PDD compared with those of healthy and autoimmune control subjects. These preliminary findings warrant additional investigation into immune and autoimmune mechanisms in autism.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.112.5.e420","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,8,14]],"date-time":"2004-08-14T00:43:47Z","timestamp":1092444227000},"page":"e420-e420","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":202,"title":["Increased Prevalence of Familial Autoimmunity in Probands With Pervasive Developmental Disorders"],"prefix":"10.1542","volume":"112","author":[{"given":"Thayne L.","family":"Sweeten","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Psychiatry"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suzanne L.","family":"Bowyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, and James Whitcomb Riley Hospital for Children Indianapolis, Indiana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David J.","family":"Posey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Psychiatry"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gary M.","family":"Halberstadt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"St Vincent Hospital, Indianapolis, Indiana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher J.","family":"McDougle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Psychiatry"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"417","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2003,11,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021120820283752000_R1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"van Gent T, Heijnen CJ, Treffers PDA. Autism and the immune system. J Child Psychol Psychiatry.1997;38:337\u2013349","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.1997.tb01518.x"},{"key":"2021120820283752000_R2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stastny P. Association of the B-cell alloantigen DRw4 with rheumatoid arthritis. N Engl J Med.1978;298:869\u2013871","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197804202981602"},{"key":"2021120820283752000_R3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fielder AH, Walport MJ, Batchelor JR, et al. Family study of the major histocompatibility complex in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: importance of null alleles of C4A and C4B in determining disease susceptibility. Br Med J.1983;286:425\u2013428","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.286.6363.425"},{"key":"2021120820283752000_R4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Warren RP, Singh VK, Cole P, et al. Increased frequency of the null allele at the complement C4b locus in autism. Clin Exp Immunol.1991;83:438\u2013440","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.1991.tb05657.x"},{"key":"2021120820283752000_R5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Warren RP, Singh VK, Cole P, et al. Possible association of the extended MHC haplotype B44-SC30-DR4 with autism. Immunogenetics.1992;36:203\u2013207","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00215048"},{"key":"2021120820283752000_R6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Torres AR, Maciulis A, Stubbs EG, Cutler A, Odell D. The transmission disequilibrium test suggests that HLA-DR4 and DR13 are linked to autism spectrum disorder. Hum Immunol.2002;63:311\u2013316","DOI":"10.1016\/S0198-8859(02)00374-9"},{"key":"2021120820283752000_R7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Warren RP, Singh VK, Averett RE, et al. Immunogenetic studies in autism and related disorders. Mol Chem Neuropathol.1996;28:77\u201381","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02815207"},{"key":"2021120820283752000_R8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sweeten TL, Posey DJ, McDougle CJ. High blood monocyte counts and neopterin levels in children with autistic disorder. Am J Psychiatry.2003;160:1691\u20131693","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.160.9.1691"},{"key":"2021120820283752000_R9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jyonouchi H, Sun S, Le H. Proinflammatory and regulatory cytokine production associated with innate and adaptive immune responses in children with autism spectrum disorders and developmental regression. J Neuroimmunol.2001;120:170\u2013179","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-5728(01)00421-0"},{"key":"2021120820283752000_R10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Croonenberghs J, Bosmans E, Deboutte D, Kenis G, Maes M. Activation of the inflammatory response system in autism. Neuropsychobiology.2002;45:1\u20136","DOI":"10.1159\/000048665"},{"key":"2021120820283752000_R11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Croonenberghs J, Wauters A, Devreese K, et al. Increased serum albumin, gamma globulin, immunoglobulin IgG, and IgG2 and IgG4 in autism. Psychol Med.2002;32:1457\u20131463","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291702006037"},{"key":"2021120820283752000_R12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Money J, Bobrow NA, Clarke FC. Autism and autoimmune disease: a family study. J Autism Child Schizophr.1971;1:146\u2013160","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01537954"},{"key":"2021120820283752000_R13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Comi AM, Zimmerman AW, Frye VH, Law PA, Peeden JN. Familial clustering of autoimmune disorders and evaluation of medical risk factors in autism. J Child Neurol.1999;14:388\u2013394","DOI":"10.1177\/088307389901400608"},{"key":"2021120820283752000_R14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Broadley SA, Dean J, Sawcer SJ, Clayton D, Compston DAS. Autoimmune disease in first-degree relatives of patients with multiple sclerosis. Brain.2000;123:1102\u20131111","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/123.6.1102"},{"key":"2021120820283752000_R15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Prahalad S, Shear ES, Thompson SD, Giannini EH, Glass DN. Increased prevalence of familial autoimmunity in simplex and multiplex families with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum.2002;46:1851\u20131856","DOI":"10.1002\/art.10370"},{"key":"2021120820283752000_R16","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 4th ed (DSM-IV). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association; 1994"},{"key":"2021120820283752000_R17","unstructured":"SPSS Inc. SPSS for Windows, Version 11.01. Chicago, IL: SPSS Inc; 2001"},{"key":"2021120820283752000_R18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Raiten DJ, Massaro T. Perspectives on the nutritional ecology of autistic children. J Autism Dev Disord.1986;16:133\u2013143","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01531725"},{"key":"2021120820283752000_R19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sullivan RC. Hunches on some biological factors in autism. J Autism Child Schizophr.1975;5:177\u2013186","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01537934"},{"key":"2021120820283752000_R20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gillberg IC, Gillberg C, Kopp S. Hypothyroidism and autism spectrum disorders. J Child Psychol Psychiatry.1992;33:531\u2013542","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.1992.tb00889.x"},{"key":"2021120820283752000_R21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ginn LR, Lin J, Plotz PH, et al. Familial autoimmunity in pedigrees of idiopathic inflammatory myopathy patients suggests common genetic risk factors for many autoimmune diseases. Arthritis Rheum.1998;41:400\u2013405","DOI":"10.1002\/1529-0131(199803)41:3<400::AID-ART4>3.0.CO;2-5"},{"key":"2021120820283752000_R22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hollander E, DelGiudice-Asch G, Simon L, et al. B lymphocyte antigen D8\/17 and repetitive behaviors in autism. Am J Psychiatry.1999;156:317\u2013320","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.156.2.317"},{"key":"2021120820283752000_R23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zabriskie JB, Lavenchy D, Williams RC, et al. Rheumatic fever-associated B cell alloantigens as identified by monoclonal antibodies. Arthritis Rheum.1985;28:1047\u20131051","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780280912"},{"key":"2021120820283752000_R24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Swedo SE, Leonard HL, Mittleman BB, et al. Identification of children with pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcal infections by a marker associated with rheumatic fever. Am J Psychiatry.1997;154:110\u2013112","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.154.1.110"},{"key":"2021120820283752000_R25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hamilton CS, Garvey MA, Swedo SE. Sensitivity of the D8\/17 assay. Am J Psychiatry.2003;160:1193\u20131194 (letter)","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.160.6.1193-a"},{"key":"2021120820283752000_R26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Page T, Coleman M. Purine metabolism abnormalities in a hyperuricosuric subclass of autism. Biochim Biophys Acta.2000;1500:291\u2013296","DOI":"10.1016\/S0925-4439(99)00113-1"},{"key":"2021120820283752000_R27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Latif A, Heinz P, Cook R. Iron deficiency in autism and Asperger syndrome. Autism.2002;6:103\u2013114","DOI":"10.1177\/1362361302006001008"},{"key":"2021120820283752000_R28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Frocht A, Leek JC, Robbins DL. Gout and hyperuricaemia in systemic lupus erythematosus. Br J Rheumatol.1987;26:303\u2013306","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/26.4.303"},{"key":"2021120820283752000_R29","unstructured":"Bertero MT, Caligaris-Cappio F. Anemia of chronic disorders in systemic autoimmune diseases. Haematologica.1997;82:375\u2013381"},{"key":"2021120820283752000_R30","unstructured":"Ferrari P, Marescot MR, Moulias R, et al. Immune status in infantile autism. Correlation between the immune status, autistic symptoms and levels of serotonin. Encephale.1988;14:339\u2013344"},{"key":"2021120820283752000_R31","unstructured":"Abramson RK, Self S, Genco P, et al. The relationship between lymphocyte cell surface markers and serotonin in autistic probands. Am J Hum Genet.1990;47:A45 (abstr)"},{"key":"2021120820283752000_R32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Warren RP, Singh VK. Elevated serotonin levels in autism: association with the major histocompatibility complex. Neuropsychobiology.1996;34:72\u201375","DOI":"10.1159\/000119295"},{"key":"2021120820283752000_R33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beeson PB. Age and sex associations of 40 autoimmune diseases. Am J Med.1994;96:457\u2013462","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(94)90173-2"},{"key":"2021120820283752000_R34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yeargin-Allsopp M, Rice C, Karapurkar T, Doernberg N, Boyle C, Murphy C. Prevalence of autism in a US metropolitan area. JAMA.2003;289:49\u201355","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.289.1.49"},{"key":"2021120820283752000_R35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Craig ME, Howard NJ, Silink M, Chan A. The rising incidence of childhood type 1 diabetes in New South Wales, Australia. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab.2000;13:363\u2013372","DOI":"10.1515\/JPEM.2000.13.4.363"}],"container-title":["Pediatrics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatrics\/article-pdf\/112\/5\/e420\/1002853\/pe110300e420.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatrics\/article-pdf\/112\/5\/e420\/1002853\/pe110300e420.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,29]],"date-time":"2023-04-29T05:35:51Z","timestamp":1682746551000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatrics\/article\/112\/5\/e420\/28756\/Increased-Prevalence-of-Familial-Autoimmunity-in"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2003,11,1]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2003,11,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,11,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.112.5.e420","relation":{},"ISSN":["0031-4005","1098-4275"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0031-4005","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-4275","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2003,11,1]]}}}