{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T14:14:17Z","timestamp":1791036857538,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Objective. Retinochoroiditis is the most frequent consequence of congenital toxoplasmosis. Early diagnosis and treatment are believed to reduce the risk of visual impairment. We report on the clinical evolution of ocular lesions and final visual function in a prospective cohort of congenitally infected children who were identified during monthly maternal prenatal screening.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>Methods. The study included 327 congenitally infected children who were monitored for up to 14 years at the Croix Rousse Hospital in Lyon, France. Data on date of maternal infection; time and type of therapy; antenatal, neonatal, and postnatal work-ups; and ocular status were analyzed.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>Results. All mothers but 52 had been treated. Pyrimethamine and sulfadiazine was given in utero to 38% of children and after birth to 72% of newborns. Fansidar was given for an average duration of 337 days in all but 2 children. After a median follow-up of 6 years, 79 (24%) children had at least 1 retinochoroidal lesion. In 23 (29%) of them, at least 1 new event had been diagnosed up to 10 years after detection of the first lesions: reactivation of an existing lesion (1 case), new lesion in a previously healthy location (19 cases), or both (3 cases). Fifty-five children had lesions in 1 eye; of the 45 children for whom final visual acuity data were available, 31 (69%) had normal vision. Twenty-four children had lesions in both eyes; of the 21 for whom final visual acuity data were available, 11 had normal vision in both eyes. None had bilateral visual impairment.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>Conclusions. Clinicians, parents, and elder children with congenital infection should be informed that late-onset retinal lesions and relapse can occur many years after birth but that the overall ocular prognosis of congenital toxoplasmosis is satisfactory when infection is identified early and treated accordingly.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.113.6.1567","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,8,14]],"date-time":"2004-08-14T00:53:04Z","timestamp":1092444784000},"page":"1567-1572","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":180,"title":["Long-Term Ocular Prognosis in 327 Children With Congenital Toxoplasmosis"],"prefix":"10.1542","volume":"113","author":[{"given":"Martine","family":"Wallon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Service de Parasitologie, Ho\u0302pital de la Croix-Rousse, Lyon, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laurent","family":"Kodjikian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Service d\u2019Ophtalmologie, Ho\u0302pital de la Croix-Rousse, Lyon, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christine","family":"Binquet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Service de Biostatistiques et d\u2019Informatique Me\u0301dicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Dijon, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Justus","family":"Garweg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University of Bern, Inselspital, Bern, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacques","family":"Fleury","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Service d\u2019Ophtalmologie, Ho\u0302pital de la Croix-Rousse, Lyon, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catherine","family":"Quantin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Service de Biostatistiques et d\u2019Informatique Me\u0301dicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Dijon, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Franc\u0327ois","family":"Peyron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Service de Parasitologie, Ho\u0302pital de la Croix-Rousse, Lyon, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"417","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2004,6,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021121006332958100_R1","unstructured":"Remington JS, McLeod R, Thulliez PH, Desmonts G. Toxoplasmosis. In: Remington JS, Klein JO (eds). Infectious Diseases of the Fetus and Newborn. 4th ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders; 2001:205\u2013346"},{"key":"2021121006332958100_R2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Desmonts G, Couvreur J. Congenital toxoplasmosis. A prospective study of 378 pregnancies. N Engl J Med.1974;290:1110\u20131116","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197405162902003"},{"key":"2021121006332958100_R3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wilson CB, Remington JS, Stagno S, Reynolds DW. Development of adverse sequelae in children born with subclinical congenital Toxoplasma infection. Pediatrics.1980;66:767\u2013774","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.66.5.767"},{"key":"2021121006332958100_R4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Koppe JG, Loewer-Sieger DH, De Roever-Bonnet H. Results of 20-year follow-up of congenital toxoplasmosis. Lancet.1986;254\u2013256","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(86)90785-3"},{"key":"2021121006332958100_R5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stagno S, Reynolds D, Amos CS, et al. Auditory and visual defects resulting from symptomatic and subclinical congenita cytomegaloviral and Toxoplasma infections. Pediatrics.1977;59:669\u2013678","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.59.5.669"},{"key":"2021121006332958100_R6","unstructured":"Eichenwald HG. A study of congenital toxoplasmosis with particular emphasis on clinical manifestations, sequelae, and therapy. In: Siim JC (ed). Human Toxoplasmosis. Copenhagen, Denmark: Munksgaard; 1960:41\u201349"},{"key":"2021121006332958100_R7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brezin AP. Ophthalmology in the neonate with congenital toxoplasmosis. In: Ambroise-Thomas P, Petersen E (eds). Congenital Toxoplasmosis. Paris, France: Springer Verlag; 2000:165\u2013177","DOI":"10.1007\/978-2-8178-0847-5_13"},{"key":"2021121006332958100_R8","unstructured":"Couvreur J, Desmonts G, Aron-Rosa D. [Ocular prognosis in congenital toxoplasmosis: the role of treatment. Preliminary communication]. Ann Pediatr.1984;31:855\u2013858"},{"key":"2021121006332958100_R9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wallon M, Cozon G, Ecochard R, Lewin P, Peyron F. Serologic rebounds in congenital toxoplasmosis: long term follow-up of 133 children. Eur J Pediatr.2001;160:534\u2013540","DOI":"10.1007\/s004310100805"},{"key":"2021121006332958100_R10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Catford GV, Oliver A. Development of visual acuity. Arch Dis Child.1973;48:47\u201350","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.48.1.47"},{"key":"2021121006332958100_R11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mets M, Holfels E, Boyer KM, et al. Eye manifestations of congenital toxoplasmosis. Am J Ophthalmol.1996;122:309\u2013324","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(14)72057-4"},{"key":"2021121006332958100_R12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guerina NG, Hsu HW, Meissner HC, et al. Neonatal serologic screening and early treatment for congenital Toxoplasma gondii infection. N Engl J Med.1994;330:1858\u20131863","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199406303302604"},{"key":"2021121006332958100_R13","unstructured":"Brezin AP, Thulliez P, Couvreur J, Nobre\u0301 R, McLeod R, Mets MB. Ophthalmic outcome after pre- and postnatal treatment of congenital toxoplasmosis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci.1998;394:2986"},{"key":"2021121006332958100_R14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peyron F, Wallon M, Bernardoux C. Long-term follow-up of ocular toxoplasmosis. N Engl J Med.1996;334:993\u2013994","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199604113341517"},{"key":"2021121006332958100_R15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bosch-Driessen LE, Berendschot TT, Ongkosuwito JV, Rothova A. Ocular toxoplasmosis. Clinical features and prognosis of 154 patients. Ophthalmology.2002;109:869\u2013878","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(02)00990-9"},{"key":"2021121006332958100_R16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gilbert RE, Stanford MR, Jackson H, Holliman RE, Sanders MD. Incidence of acute symptomatic toxoplasma retinochoroiditis in south London according to country of birth. BMJ.1995;310:1037\u20131040","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.310.6986.1037"},{"key":"2021121006332958100_R17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Holland GN, Lewis KG. An update on current practices in the management of ocular toxoplasmosis. Am J Ophthalmol.2002;134:102\u2013114","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(02)01526-X"},{"key":"2021121006332958100_R18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stanford MR, Gras L, Wade A, Gilbert RE. Reliability of expert interpretation of retinal photographs for the diagnosis of toxoplasma retinochoroiditis. Br J Ophthalmol.2002;86:636\u2013639","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.86.6.636"}],"container-title":["Pediatrics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatrics\/article-pdf\/113\/6\/1567\/1004024\/zpe00604001567.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatrics\/article-pdf\/113\/6\/1567\/1004024\/zpe00604001567.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,10]],"date-time":"2021-12-10T15:05:18Z","timestamp":1639148718000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatrics\/article\/113\/6\/1567\/64383\/Long-Term-Ocular-Prognosis-in-327-Children-With"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2004,6,1]]},"references-count":18,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2004,6,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,6,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.113.6.1567","relation":{},"ISSN":["0031-4005","1098-4275"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0031-4005","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-4275","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2004,6,1]]}}}