{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T11:49:37Z","timestamp":1790855377764,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Background. Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) affects \u223c1 in 1000 live births and is the most common cause of infant death after the perinatal period.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Objective. To determine the influence of air pollution on the incidence of SIDS.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Methods. Time-series analyses were performed to compare the daily mortality rates for SIDS and the daily air pollution concentrations in each of 12 Canadian cities during the period of 1984-1999. Serial autocorrelation was controlled for by city, and then the city-specific estimates were pooled. Increased daily rates of SIDS were associated with increases, on the previous day, in the levels of sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and carbon monoxide but not ozone or fine particles measured every sixth day. Effects persisted despite adjustments for season alone or the combination of daily mean temperature, relative humidity, and changes in barometric pressure for NO2 and SO2 but not carbon monoxide.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Results. Increases in both SO2 and NO2, equivalent to their interquartile ranges, were associated with a 17.72% increase in SIDS incidence.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Conclusion. Ambient SO2 and NO2 may be important risk factors for SIDS.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.113.6.e628","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,8,14]],"date-time":"2004-08-14T00:53:04Z","timestamp":1092444784000},"page":"e628-e631","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":67,"title":["Air Pollution and Sudden Infant Death Syndrome"],"prefix":"10.1542","volume":"113","author":[{"given":"Robert","family":"Dales","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada"},{"name":"Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Ottawa Health Research Institute, Institute of Population Health, and Department of Epidemiology and Community Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard T.","family":"Burnett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marc","family":"Smith-Doiron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David M.","family":"Stieb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey R.","family":"Brook","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Meteorological Service of Canada, Environment Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"417","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2004,6,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021121006352694000_R1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brooks H, Gibson A, Tappin D, Brown H. Case-control study of sudden infant death syndrome in Scotland, 1992\u20135. BMJ.1997;314:1516\u20131520","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.314.7093.1516"},{"key":"2021121006352694000_R2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Douglas AS, Allan TM, Helms PJ. Seasonality and the sudden infant death syndrome during 1987\u20139 and 1991\u20133 in Australia and Britain. BMJ.1996;312:1381\u20131383","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.312.7043.1381a"},{"key":"2021121006352694000_R3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kno\u0308bel HH, Chen CJ, Liang KY. Sudden infant death syndrome in relation to weather and optimetrically measured air pollution in Taiwan. Pediatrics.1995;96:1106\u20131110","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.96.6.1106"},{"key":"2021121006352694000_R4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leach CEA, Blair PS, Fleming PJ, et al. Epidemiology of SIDS and explained sudden infant deaths. Pediatrics.1999;104:1\u201310","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.104.4.e43"},{"key":"2021121006352694000_R5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lipfert WF, Zhang J, Wyzga RE. Infant mortality and air pollution: a comprehensive analysis of U.S. data for 1990. J Air Waste Manage Assoc.2000;50:1350\u20131366","DOI":"10.1080\/10473289.2000.10464168"},{"key":"2021121006352694000_R6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hunt CE. Sudden infant death syndrome and other causes of infant mortality. Am J Respir Crit Care Med.2001;164:346\u2013357","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.164.3.9910045"},{"key":"2021121006352694000_R7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Burnett RT, Ross WH, Krewski D. Nonlinear random effects regression models. Environmetrics.1995;6:85\u201389","DOI":"10.1002\/env.3170060108"},{"key":"2021121006352694000_R8","unstructured":"Priestly MB. Spectral Analysis of Time Series. San Diego, CA: Academic Press; 1981"},{"key":"2021121006352694000_R9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"DerSimonian R, Laird N. Meta-analysis in clinical trials. Control Clin Trials.1986;7:177\u2013188","DOI":"10.1016\/0197-2456(86)90046-2"},{"key":"2021121006352694000_R10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Woodruff TJ, Grillo J, Schoendorf KC. The relationship between selected causes of postneonatal infant mortality and particulate air pollution in the United States. Environ Health Perspect.1997;105:608\u2013612","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.97105608"},{"key":"2021121006352694000_R11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Auliciems A, Barnes A. Sudden infant death and clear weather in a subtropical environment. Soc Sci Med.1987;24:51\u201356","DOI":"10.1016\/0277-9536(87)90139-0"},{"key":"2021121006352694000_R12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Greenberg MA, Nelson KE, Carnow BW. A study in the relationship between sudden infant death syndrome and environmental factors. Am J Epidemiol.1973;98:412\u2013422","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a121570"},{"key":"2021121006352694000_R13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hoppenbrouwers T, Calub M, Arakawa K, Hodgman JE. Seasonal relationship of sudden infant death syndrome and environmental pollutants. Am J Epidemiol.1981;113:623\u2013635","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a113141"},{"key":"2021121006352694000_R14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maisonet M, Bush TJ, Correa A, Jaakkola JJK. Relation between ambient air pollution and low birth weight in the northeastern United States. Environ Health Perspect.2001;109:351\u2013356","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.01109s3351"},{"key":"2021121006352694000_R15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ha EH, Hong YC, Lee BC, Woo BH, Schwartz J, Christian DC. Is air pollution a risk factor for low birth weight in Seoul?Epidemiology.2001;12:643\u2013648","DOI":"10.1097\/00001648-200111000-00011"},{"key":"2021121006352694000_R16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Balmes JR, Fine JM, Sheppard D. Symptomatic bronchoconstriction after short-term inhalation of sulfur dioxide. Am Rev Respir Dis.1987;136:1117\u20131121","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm\/136.5.1117"},{"key":"2021121006352694000_R17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schwela D. Air pollution and health in urban areas. Rev Environ Health.2000;15:13\u201341","DOI":"10.1515\/REVEH.2000.15.1-2.13"},{"key":"2021121006352694000_R18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Koenig JQ, Covert DS, Marshall SG, Van Belle G, Pierson WE. The effects of ozone and nitrogen dioxide on pulmonary function in health and in asthmatic adolescents. Am Rev Respir Dis.1987;136:1152\u20131157","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm\/136.5.1152"},{"key":"2021121006352694000_R19","unstructured":"Bauer MA, Utell MJ, Morrow PE, Speers DM, Gibb FR. Inhalation of 0.30 ppm nitrogen dioxide potentates exercise-induced bronchospasm in asthmatics. Am Rev Respir Dis.1986;134:1203\u20131208"},{"key":"2021121006352694000_R20","unstructured":"Shott SR, Myer CM III, Willis R, Cotton RT. Nasal obstruction in the neonate. Rhinology.1989;27:91\u201396"},{"key":"2021121006352694000_R21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Miller MJ, Martin RJ, Carlo WA, Fouke JM, Strohl KP, Fanaroff AA. Oral breathing in newborn infants. J Pediatr.1985;107:465\u2013469","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(85)80535-7"},{"key":"2021121006352694000_R22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Halbower AC, Jones MD Jr. Physiologic reflexes and their impact on resuscitation of the newborn. Clin Perinatol.1999;26:621\u2013627","DOI":"10.1016\/S0095-5108(18)30040-X"}],"container-title":["Pediatrics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatrics\/article-pdf\/113\/6\/e628\/1004041\/zpe0060400e628.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatrics\/article-pdf\/113\/6\/e628\/1004041\/zpe0060400e628.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,29]],"date-time":"2023-04-29T05:40:15Z","timestamp":1682746815000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatrics\/article\/113\/6\/e628\/64428\/Air-Pollution-and-Sudden-Infant-Death-Syndrome"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2004,6,1]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2004,6,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,6,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.113.6.e628","relation":{},"ISSN":["0031-4005","1098-4275"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0031-4005","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-4275","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2004,6,1]]}}}