{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T16:06:57Z","timestamp":1793203617320,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Objectives. Physical aggression in children is a major public health problem. Not only is childhood physical aggression a precursor of the physical and mental health problems that will be visited on victims, but also aggressive children themselves are at higher risk of alcohol and drug abuse, accidents, violent crimes, depression, suicide attempts, spouse abuse, and neglectful and abusive parenting. Furthermore, violence commonly results in serious injuries to the perpetrators themselves. Although it is unusual for young children to harm seriously the targets of their physical aggression, studies of physical aggression during infancy indicate that by 17 months of age, the large majority of children are physically aggressive toward siblings, peers, and adults. This study aimed, first, to identify the trajectories of physical aggression during early childhood and, second, to identify antecedents of high levels of physical aggression early in life. Such antecedents could help to understand better the developmental origins of violence later in life and to identify targets for preventive interventions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Methods. A random population sample of 572 families with a 5-month-old newborn was recruited. Assessments of physical aggression frequency were obtained from mothers at 17, 30, and 42 months after birth. Using a semiparametric, mixture model, distinct clusters of physical aggression trajectories were identified. Multivariate logit regression analysis was then used to identify which family and child characteristics, before 5 months of age, predict individuals on a high-level physical aggression trajectory from 17 to 42 months after birth.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Results. Three trajectories of physical aggression were identified. The first was composed of children who displayed little or no physical aggression. These individuals were estimated to account for \u223c28% of the sample. The largest group, estimated at \u223c58% of the sample, followed a rising trajectory of modest aggression. Finally, a group, estimated to comprise \u223c14% of the sample, followed a rising trajectory of high physical aggression. Best predictors before or at birth of the high physical aggression trajectory group, controlling for the levels of the other risk factors, were having young siblings (odds ratio [OR]: 4.00; confidence interval [CI]: 2.2\u20137.4), mothers with high levels of antisocial behavior before the end of high school (OR: 3.1; CI: 1.1\u20138.6), mothers who started having children early (OR: 3.1; CI: 1.4\u20136.8), families with low income (OR: 2.6; CI: 1.3\u20135.2), and mothers who smoked during pregnancy (OR: 2.2; CI: 1.1\u20134.1). Best predictors at 5 months of age were mothers\u2019 coercive parenting behavior (OR: 2.3; CI: 1.1\u20134.7) and family dysfunction (OR: 2.2; CI: 1.2\u20134.1). The OR for a high-aggression trajectory was 10.9 for children whose mother reported both high levels of antisocial behavior and early childbearing.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Conclusions. Most children have initiated the use of physical aggression during infancy, and most will learn to use alternatives in the following years before they enter primary school. Humans seem to learn to regulate the use of physical aggression during the preschool years. Those who do not, seem to be at highest risk of serious violent behavior during adolescence and adulthood. Results from the present study indicate that children who are at highest risk of not learning to regulate physical aggression in early childhood have mothers with a history of antisocial behavior during their school years, mothers who start childbearing early and who smoke during pregnancy, and parents who have low income and have serious problems living together. All of these variables are relatively easy to measure during pregnancy. Preventive interventions should target families with high-risk profiles on these variables. Experiments with such programs have shown long-term impacts on child abuse and child antisocial behavior. However, these impacts were not observed in families with physical violence. The problem may be that the prevention programs that were provided did not specifically target the parents\u2019 control over their physical aggression and their skills in teaching their infant not to be physically aggressive. Most intervention programs to prevent youth physical aggression have targeted school-age children. If children normally learn not to be physically aggressive during the preschool years, then one would expect that interventions that target infants who are at high risk of chronic physical aggression would have more of an impact than interventions 5 to 10 years later, when physical aggression has become a way of life.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.114.1.e43","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,8,13]],"date-time":"2004-08-13T20:53:04Z","timestamp":1092430384000},"page":"e43-e50","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":788,"title":["Physical Aggression During Early Childhood: Trajectories and Predictors"],"prefix":"10.1542","volume":"114","author":[{"given":"Richard E.","family":"Tremblay","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unit on Children\u2019s Psychosocial Maladjustment, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel S.","family":"Nagin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"H.J. Heinz III School of Public Policy and Management, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean R.","family":"Se\u0301guin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unit on Children\u2019s Psychosocial Maladjustment, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Zoccolillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philip D.","family":"Zelazo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michel","family":"Boivin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"E\u0301cole de Psychologie, Universite\u0301 Laval, Quebec, Quebec, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Pe\u0301russe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unit on Children\u2019s Psychosocial Maladjustment, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christa","family":"Japel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unit on Children\u2019s Psychosocial Maladjustment, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"417","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2004,7,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021121006483199700_R1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Broidy LM, Nagin DS, Tremblay RE, et al. Developmental trajectories of childhood disruptive behaviors and adolescent delinquency: a six-site, cross-national study. Dev Psychol.\u20082003;39:222\u2013245","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.39.2.222"},{"key":"2021121006483199700_R2","unstructured":"McCord J, Widom CS, Crowell NE. Juvenile Crime, Juvenile Justice. Washington, DC: National Academy Press; 2001"},{"key":"2021121006483199700_R3","unstructured":"Reiss AJ, Roth JA, eds. Understanding and Preventing Violence. Washington, DC: National Academy Press; 1993"},{"key":"2021121006483199700_R4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Farrington DP. Childhood, adolescent, and adult features of violent males. In: Huesmann LR, ed. Aggressive Behavior: Current Perspectives. New York, NY: Plenum Press; 1994:215\u2013240","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4757-9116-7_9"},{"key":"2021121006483199700_R5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fergusson DM, Horwood LJ. Early conduct problems and later life opportunities. J Child Psychol Psychiatry.\u20081998;39:1097\u20131108","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-7610.00414"},{"key":"2021121006483199700_R6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kokko K, Pulkkinen L. Aggression in childhood and long-term unemployment in adulthood: a cycle of maladaptation and some protective factors. Dev Psychol.\u20082000;36:463\u2013472","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.36.4.463"},{"key":"2021121006483199700_R7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nagin D, Tremblay RE. Trajectories of boys\u2019 physical aggression, opposition, and hyperactivity on the path to physically violent and nonviolent juvenile delinquency. Child Dev.\u20081999;70:1181\u20131196","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8624.00086"},{"key":"2021121006483199700_R8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Serbin LA, Cooperman JM, Peters PL, Lehoux PM, Stack DM, Schwartzman AE. Intergenerational transfer of psychosocial risk in women with childhood histories of aggression, withdrawal, or aggression and withdrawal. Dev Psychol.\u20081998;34:1246\u20131262","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.34.6.1246"},{"key":"2021121006483199700_R9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stattin H, Magnusson D. The role of early aggressive behavior in the frequency, seriousness and types of later crime. J Consult Clin Psychol.\u20081989;57:710\u2013718","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.57.6.710"},{"key":"2021121006483199700_R10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rivara FP, Shepherd JP, Farrington DP, Richmond PW. Victim as offender in youth violence. Ann Emerg Med.\u20081995;26:609\u2013614","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-0644(95)70013-7"},{"key":"2021121006483199700_R11","unstructured":"Shepherd JP, Ali MA, Hughes AO, Levers BG. Trends in urban violence: a comparison of accident department and police records. J R Soc Med.\u20081993;86:87\u201388"},{"key":"2021121006483199700_R12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lipsey MW, Derzon JH. Predictors of violent or serious delinquency in adolescence and early adulthood: a synthesis of longitudinal research. In: Loeber R, Farrington DP, eds. Serious and Violent Juvenile Offenders: Risk Factors and Successful Interventions. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications; 1998:86\u2013105","DOI":"10.4135\/9781452243740.n6"},{"key":"2021121006483199700_R13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tremblay RE, LeMarquand D. Individual risk and protective factors. In: Loeber R, Farrington D, eds. Child Delinquents: Development, Interventions and Service Needs. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications; 2001:137\u2013164","DOI":"10.4135\/9781452229089.n7"},{"key":"2021121006483199700_R14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Juby H, Farrington DP. Disentangling the link between disrupted families and delinquency. Br J Criminol.\u20082001;41:22\u201340","DOI":"10.1093\/bjc\/41.1.22"},{"key":"2021121006483199700_R15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McCord J. Family relationships, juvenile delinquency, and adult criminality. Criminology.\u20081991;29:397\u2013417","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-9125.1991.tb01072.x"},{"key":"2021121006483199700_R16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nagin D, Tremblay RE. Parental and early childhood predictors of persistent physical aggression in boys from kindergarten to high school. Arch Gen Psychiatry.\u20082001;58:389\u2013394","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.58.4.389"},{"key":"2021121006483199700_R17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Patterson GR, Crosby L, Vuchinich S. Predicting risk for early police arrest. J Quant Criminol.\u20081992;8:335\u2013355","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01093639"},{"key":"2021121006483199700_R18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nagin D, Pogarsky G, Farrington DP. Adolescent mothers and the criminal behavior of their children. Law Soc Rev.\u20081997;31:137\u2013162","DOI":"10.2307\/3054097"},{"key":"2021121006483199700_R19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Raine A, Brennan P, Mednick SA. Interaction between birth complications and early maternal rejection in predisposing individuals to adult violence: specificity to serious, early-onset violence. Am J Psychiatry.\u20081997;154:1265\u20131271","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.154.9.1265"},{"key":"2021121006483199700_R20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moffitt TE, E-Risk Study Team. Teen-aged mothers in contemporary Britain. J Child Psychol Psychiatry.\u20082002;43:727\u2013742","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-7610.00082"},{"key":"2021121006483199700_R21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dionne G, Tremblay RE, Boivin M, Laplante D, Pe\u0301russe D. Physical aggression and expressive vocabulary in 19 month-old twins. Dev Psychol.\u20082003;39:261\u2013273","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.39.2.261"},{"key":"2021121006483199700_R22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lyons JJ, True WR, Eisen SA, et al. Differential heritability of adult and juvenile antisocial traits. Arch Gen Psychiatry.\u20081995;52:906\u2013915","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1995.03950230020005"},{"key":"2021121006483199700_R23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rowe DC, Farrington DP. The familial transmission of criminal convictions. Criminology.\u20081997;35:177\u2013201","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-9125.1997.tb00874.x"},{"key":"2021121006483199700_R24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Caspi A, McClay J, Moffitt T, et al. Role of genotype in the cycle of violence in maltreated children. Science.\u20082002;297:851\u2013854","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1072290"},{"key":"2021121006483199700_R25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brame B, Nagin DS, Tremblay RE. Developmental trajectories of physical aggression from school entry to late adolescence. J Child Psychol Psychiatry.\u20082001;42:503\u2013512","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-7610.00744"},{"key":"2021121006483199700_R26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dunn J, Munn P. Becoming a family member: family conflict and the development of social understanding in the second year. Child Dev.\u20081985;56:480\u2013492","DOI":"10.2307\/1129735"},{"key":"2021121006483199700_R27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hay DF, Castle J, Davies L. Toddlers\u2019 use of force against familiar peers: a precursor of serious aggression?Child Dev.\u20082000;71:457\u2013467","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8624.00157"},{"key":"2021121006483199700_R28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Keenan K, Shaw DS. The development of aggression in toddlers: a study of low-income families. J Abnorm Child Psychol.\u20081994;22:53\u201377","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02169256"},{"key":"2021121006483199700_R29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Keenan K, Wakschlag LS. More than the terrible twos: the nature and severity of behavior problems in clinic-referred preschool children. J Abnorm Child Psychol.\u20082000;28:33\u201346","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1005118000977"},{"key":"2021121006483199700_R30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tremblay RE, Japel C, Pe\u0301russe D, et al. The search for the age of \u201conset\u201d of physical aggression: Rousseau and Bandura revisited. Crim Behav Ment Health.\u20081999;9:8\u201323","DOI":"10.1002\/cbm.288"},{"key":"2021121006483199700_R31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Olds D, Henderson CR, Cole R, et al. Long-term effects of nurse home visitation on children\u2019s criminal and antisocial behavior: fifteen-year follow-up of a randomized controlled trial. JAMA.\u20081998;280:1238\u20131244","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.280.14.1238"},{"key":"2021121006483199700_R32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eckenrode J, Ganzel B, Henderson CR Jr, et al. Preventing child abuse and neglect with a program of nurse home visitation: the limiting effects of domestic violence. JAMA.\u20082000;284:1385\u20131391","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.284.11.1385"},{"key":"2021121006483199700_R33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pagani L, Boulerice B, Vitaro F, Tremblay RE. Effects of poverty on academic failure and delinquency in boys: a change and process model approach. J Child Psychol Psychiatry.\u20081999;40:1209\u20131219","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-7610.00537"},{"key":"2021121006483199700_R34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sampson RJ, Laub JH. Urban poverty and the family context of delinquency: a new look at structure and process in a classic study. Child Dev.\u20081994;65:523\u2013540","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8624.1994.tb00767.x"},{"key":"2021121006483199700_R35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jaffee S, Caspi A, Moffitt TE, Belsky J, Silva P. Why are children born to teen mothers at risk for adverse outcomes in young adulthood? Results from a 20-year longitudinal study. Dev Psychopathol.\u20082001;13:377\u2013397","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579401002103"},{"key":"2021121006483199700_R36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fergusson DM, Woodward LJ, Horwood LJ. Maternal smoking during pregnancy and psychiatric adjustment in late adolescence. Arch Gen Psychiatry.\u20081998;55:721\u2013727","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.55.8.721"},{"key":"2021121006483199700_R37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wakschlag LS, Lahey BB, Loeber R, Green SM, Gordon RA, Leventhal BL. Maternal smoking during pregnancy and the risk of conduct disorder in boys. Arch Gen Psychiatry.\u20081997;54:670\u2013676","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1997.01830190098010"},{"key":"2021121006483199700_R38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Orlebecke JF, Knol DL, Verhulst FC. Child behavior problems increased by maternal smoking during pregnancy. Arch Environ Health.\u20081999;54:15\u201319","DOI":"10.1080\/00039899909602231"},{"key":"2021121006483199700_R39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brennan PA, Grekin ER, Mednick SA. Maternal smoking and criminal outcomes. Arch Gen Psychiatry.\u20081999;56:215\u2013219","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.56.3.215"},{"key":"2021121006483199700_R40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Weissman MM, Warner V, Wickramaratne PJ, Kandel DB. Maternal smoking during pregnancy and psychopathology in offspring followed to adulthood. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry.\u20081999;38:892\u2013899","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199907000-00020"},{"key":"2021121006483199700_R41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pagani L, Boulerice B, Tremblay RE, Vitaro F. Behavioural development in children of divorce and remarriage. J Child Psychol Psychiatry.\u20081997;38:769\u2013781","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.1997.tb01595.x"},{"key":"2021121006483199700_R42","unstructured":"Wadsworth MEJ. The Imprint of Time: Childhood, History, and Adult Life. Oxford, England: Clarendon Press; 1991"},{"key":"2021121006483199700_R43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Raine A, Reynolds C, Venables PH, Mednick SA, Farrington DP. Fearlessness, stimulation-seeking, and large body size at age 3 years as early predispositions to childhood aggression at age 11 years. Arch Gen Psychiatry.\u20081998;55:745\u2013751","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.55.8.745"},{"key":"2021121006483199700_R44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tremblay RE, Pihl RO, Vitaro F, Dobkin PL. Predicting early onset of male antisocial behavior from preschool behavior. Arch Gen Psychiatry.\u20081994;51:732\u2013738","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1994.03950090064009"},{"key":"2021121006483199700_R45","unstructured":"Patterson GR, Reid JB, Dishion TJ. Antisocial Boys. Eugene, OR: Castalia; 1992"},{"key":"2021121006483199700_R46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cairns RB, Cairns BD, Neckerman HJ, Ferguson LL, Garie\u0301py JL. Growth and aggression: 1. childhood to early adolescence. Dev Psychol.\u20081989;25:320\u2013330","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.25.2.320"},{"key":"2021121006483199700_R47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bates J, Freeland C, Lounsbury ML. Measurement of infant difficultness. Child Dev.\u20081979;50:794\u2013803","DOI":"10.2307\/1128946"},{"key":"2021121006483199700_R48","unstructured":"Boivin M, Pe\u0301russe D, Saysset V, Tremblay N, Tremblay RE. Parenting perceptions and behaviors. In: Longitudinal Study of Child Development in Que\u0301bec (E\u0301LDEQ 1998\u20132002). Que\u0301bec, Que\u0301bec, Canada: Institut de la statistique duq Ue\u0301bec; 2000:21\u201335"},{"key":"2021121006483199700_R49","unstructured":"Zoccolillo M. Parents\u2019 health and social adjustment: part II, social adjustment. In: Longitudinal Study of Child Development in Que\u0301bec (E\u0301LDEQ 1998\u20132002). Que\u0301bec, Que\u0301bec, Canada: Institut de la statistique duq Ue\u0301bec; 2000:37\u201345"},{"key":"2021121006483199700_R50","unstructured":"Statistics Canada. Overview of Survey Instruments for 1994\u201395 Data Collection, Cycle 1. Ottawa, Ontario, Canada: Statistics Canada; 1995"},{"key":"2021121006483199700_R51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nagin D. Analyzing developmental trajectories: a semi-parametric, group-based approach. Psychol Methods.\u20081999;4:139\u2013177","DOI":"10.1037\/1082-989X.4.2.139"},{"key":"2021121006483199700_R52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roeder K, Lynch K, Nagin DS. Modeling uncertainty in latent class membership: a case study in criminology. J Am Stat Assoc.\u20081999;94:766\u2013776","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1999.10474179"},{"key":"2021121006483199700_R53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tremblay RE. The development of aggressive behaviour during childhood: what have we learned in the past century?Int J Behav Dev.\u20082000;24:129\u2013141","DOI":"10.1080\/016502500383232"},{"key":"2021121006483199700_R54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Robins LN, West PA, Herjanic BL. Arrest and delinquency in two generations: a study of black urban families and their children. J Child Psychol Psychiatry.\u20081975;16:125\u2013140","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.1975.tb01262.x"},{"key":"2021121006483199700_R55","unstructured":"Pagani L, Boulerice B, Tremblay RE. The influence of poverty upon children\u2019s classroom placement and behavior problems during elementary school: a change model approach. In: Duncan G, Brooks-Gunn J, eds. Consequences of Growing Up Poor. New York, NY: Sage; 1997:311\u2013339"},{"key":"2021121006483199700_R56","unstructured":"Suomi SJ. Developmental trajectories, early experiences, and community consequences: lessons from studies with rhesus monkeys. In: Keating DP, Hertzman C, eds. Developmental Health and the Wealth of Nations. New York, NY: Guilford Press; 1999:185\u2013200"},{"key":"2021121006483199700_R57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bjorkqvist K, Lagerspetz KM, Kaukiainen A. Do girls manipulate and boys fight? Developmental trends in regard to direct and indirect aggression. Aggress Behav.\u20081992;18:117\u2013127","DOI":"10.1002\/1098-2337(1992)18:2<117::AID-AB2480180205>3.0.CO;2-3"},{"key":"2021121006483199700_R58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Crick NR, Casas JF, Mosher M. Relational and overt aggression in preschool. Dev Psychol.\u20081997;33:579\u2013588","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.33.4.579"},{"key":"2021121006483199700_R59","unstructured":"Tremblay RE, Boulerice B, Harden PW, et al. Do children in Canada become more aggressive as they approach adolescence? In: Human Resources Development Canada, Statistics Canada, eds. Growing up in Canada: National Longitudinal Survey of Children and Youth. Ottawa, Ontario, Canada: Statistics Canada; 1996:127\u2013137"},{"key":"2021121006483199700_R60","unstructured":"Patterson GR. A Social Learning Approach to Family Intervention: III. Coercive Family Process. Eugene, OR: Castalia; 1982"},{"key":"2021121006483199700_R61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Raine A. Annotation: the role of prefrontal deficits, low autonomic arousal, and early health factors in the development of antisocial and aggressive behavior in children. J Child Psychol Psychiatry.\u20082002;43:417\u2013434","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-7610.00034"},{"key":"2021121006483199700_R62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Borge A, Rutter M, Co\u0302te\u0301 S, Tremblay RE. Early childcare and physical aggression: differentiating social selection and social causation. J Child Psychol Psychiatry.\u20082004;45:367\u2013376","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2004.00227.x"},{"key":"2021121006483199700_R63","unstructured":"Holmberg MC. The Development of Social Interchange Patterns From 12 to 42 Months: Cross-Sectional and Short-Term Longitudinal Analyses. PhD Thesis. Chapel Hill, NC: The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; 1977 (Microfilms International 78-7137)"},{"key":"2021121006483199700_R64","unstructured":"Restoin A, Montagner H, Rodriguez D, et al. Chronologie des comportements de communication et profils de comportement chez le jeune enfant [Chronology of communication behaviors and behavior patterns in young children]. In: Tremblay RE, Provost MA, Strayer FF, eds. Ethologie et De\u0301veloppement de l\u2019Enfant. Paris, France: Editions Stock\/Laurence Pernoud; 1985:93\u2013130"},{"key":"2021121006483199700_R65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wakschlag L, Pickett KE, Cook E, Benowitz NL, Leventhal B. Maternal smoking during pregnancy and sever antisocial behavior in offspring: a review. Am J Public Health.\u20082002;92:966\u2013974","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.92.6.966"},{"key":"2021121006483199700_R66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Olds DL, Henderson CR, Chamberlin R, Talelbaum R. Preventing child abuse and neglect: a randomized trial of nurse home visitation. Pediatrics.\u20081986;78:65\u201378","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.78.1.65"},{"key":"2021121006483199700_R67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tremblay RE, LeMarquand D, Vitaro F. The prevention of ODD and CD. In: Quay HC, Hogan AE, eds. Handbook of Disruptive Behavior Disorders. New York, NY: Kluwer Academic\/Plenum Publishers; 1999:525\u2013555","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4615-4881-2_25"}],"container-title":["Pediatrics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatrics\/article-pdf\/114\/1\/e43\/1006512\/zpe00704000e43.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatrics\/article-pdf\/114\/1\/e43\/1006512\/zpe00704000e43.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,10]],"date-time":"2021-12-10T10:40:52Z","timestamp":1639132852000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatrics\/article\/114\/1\/e43\/64728\/Physical-Aggression-During-Early-Childhood"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2004,7,1]]},"references-count":67,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2004,7,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,7,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.114.1.e43","relation":{},"ISSN":["0031-4005","1098-4275"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0031-4005","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-4275","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2004,7,1]]}}}