{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T22:45:52Z","timestamp":1792017952480,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Objective. To describe trends and highlight epidemiologic and clinical characteristics of childhood tuberculosis (TB) in the United States.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>Methods. All verified TB cases reported to the national TB surveillance system from 1993 to 2001 were included. A child was defined as a person younger than 15 years.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>Results. A total of 11\u00a0480 childhood TB cases were reported. Case rates (TB cases\/100\u00a0000 population) in all children declined from 2.9 (n = 1663) in 1993 to 1.5 (n = 931) in 2001. Among children, those who were younger than 5 years had the highest rate. California, Texas, and New York accounted for 48% of all childhood TB cases. In 2001, TB case rates were higher for foreign-born (12.2) than US-born children (1.1). Hispanic and non-Hispanic black children accounted for nearly three quarters of all cases. Twenty-four percent of children with TB were foreign-born children, with the largest number originating from Mexico (39.8%), the Philippines (8.6%), and Vietnam (5.7%). Most children had evidence of pulmonary TB disease (78.9%). Among culture-positive cases without previous TB, drug resistance to at least isoniazid was 7.3% and to isoniazid and rifampin was 1.6%. In 1999, 82.9% of children received directly observed therapy for at least part of their treatment and 94.8% completed treatment.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>Conclusions. Although the overall TB case number among children is declining in the United States, certain groups of children (eg, younger children, racial and ethnic minorities, foreign-born) are at higher risk for TB. As the United States moves toward the elimination of TB, future efforts should endeavor to prevent all cases of childhood TB.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.114.2.333","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,8,14]],"date-time":"2004-08-14T00:53:04Z","timestamp":1092444784000},"page":"333-341","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":98,"title":["Epidemiology of Childhood Tuberculosis in the United States, 1993\u20132001: The Need for Continued Vigilance"],"prefix":"10.1542","volume":"114","author":[{"given":"Lisa J.","family":"Nelson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Division of Tuberculosis Elimination, National Center for HIV, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eileen","family":"Schneider","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Division of Tuberculosis Elimination, National Center for HIV, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles D.","family":"Wells","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Division of Tuberculosis Elimination, National Center for HIV, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marisa","family":"Moore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Division of Tuberculosis Elimination, National Center for HIV, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"417","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2004,8,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021121006441893000_R1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ussery X, Valway S, McKenna M, Cauthen G, McCray E, Onorato I. 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