{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T10:46:20Z","timestamp":1785408380798,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Objective. To evaluate the complications associated with the image-guided insertion of gastrostomy (G) and gastrojejunostomy (GJ) tubes in children, performed by the retrograde percutaneous route.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>Methods. A convenience sample of 208 charts of 840 patients recorded as having G and\/or GJ tubes placed by the interventional radiology service in a 4-year period (1995\u20131999) at the Hospital for Sick Children in Toronto, Canada, were selected for review. Complications were categorized as major (including subcutaneous abscess, peritonitis, septicemia, gastrointestinal bleeding, and death) or minor.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>Results. In total, 253 tubes (208 G tubes, 41 GJ tubes, 4 G and GJ tubes) were placed in the 208 patients reviewed. The median age at the time of insertion was 15 months (range: 7 days\u201318 years). The most common diagnostic category was neurologic disease (47%). The main indications for tube insertion were recorded as failure to thrive (57%) and risk of aspiration (47%). Major complications were seen in 5% of patients. Peritonitis was noted in 3%, and there was 1 death related to tube insertion (0.4%). Minor complications were found in 73% of patients, including tube dislodgement (37%), tube leakage (25%), and G-tube site skin infection (25%). GJ tubes had a higher rate than G tubes of obstruction, migration, dislodgement, leakage, and intussusception. Site infection, gastroesophageal reflux, and bleeding from the site were seen less frequently in patients with GJ tubes compared with G tubes.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>Conclusion. G and GJ tubes placed by the image-guided retrograde percutaneous method are associated with a wide range of complications. The majority of these are minor and are predominantly related to tube maintenance, but major complications, including death, do occur.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.114.2.458","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,8,14]],"date-time":"2004-08-14T00:53:04Z","timestamp":1092444784000},"page":"458-461","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":125,"title":["Complications Associated With Image-Guided Gastrostomy and Gastrojejunostomy Tubes in Children"],"prefix":"10.1542","volume":"114","author":[{"given":"Jeremy N.","family":"Friedman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Medicine and Pediatric Outcomes Research Team, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sabrina","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bairbre","family":"Connolly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Hospital for Sick Children, and Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Chait","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Hospital for Sick Children, and Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sanjay","family":"Mahant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Medicine and Pediatric Outcomes Research Team, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"417","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2004,8,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021121006431288300_R1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wollman BS, Horacio BD, Walus-Wigle JR, Easter DW, Beale A. Radiologic, endoscopic, and surgical gastrostomy: an institutional evaluation and meta-analysis of the literature. Radiology.1995;197:699\u2013704","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.197.3.7480742"},{"key":"2021121006431288300_R2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chait PG, Weinberg J, Connolly BL, et al. Retrograde percutaneous gastrostomy and gastrojejunostomy in 505 children: A 4 1\/2-year experience. Radiology.1996;201:691\u2013695","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.201.3.8939217"},{"key":"2021121006431288300_R3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wales PW, Diamond IR, Dutta S, et al. Fundoplication and gastrostomy versus image-guided gastrojejunal tube for enteral feeding in neurologically impaired children with gastroesophageal reflux. J Pediatr Surg.2002;37:407\u2013412","DOI":"10.1053\/jpsu.2002.30849"},{"key":"2021121006431288300_R4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barron MA, Duncan DS, Green GJ, et al. Efficacy and safety of radiologically placed gastrostomy tubes in paediatric haematology\/oncology patients. Med Pediatr Oncol.2000;34:177\u2013182","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-911X(200003)34:3<177::AID-MPO3>3.0.CO;2-G"},{"key":"2021121006431288300_R5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Campos ACL, Marchesini JB. Recent advances in the placement of tubes for enteral nutrition. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care.1999;2:265\u2013269","DOI":"10.1097\/00075197-199907000-00003"},{"key":"2021121006431288300_R6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marx MV, Williams DM, Perkins AJ, et al. Percutaneous feeding tube placement in pediatric patients: immediate and 30-day results. J Vasc Interv Radiol.1996;7:107\u2013115","DOI":"10.1016\/S1051-0443(96)70745-5"},{"key":"2021121006431288300_R7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Towbin RB, Ball WS, Bissett GS. Percutaneous gastrostomy and percutaneous gastrojejunostomy in children: antegrade approach. 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