{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T11:32:28Z","timestamp":1790854348063,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Background. Preterm infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) exhibit prolonged elevation of inflammatory indices in their tracheal aspirates. Tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1 (TNF-\u03b1) is a central mediator of the inflammatory response. The adenine-containing alleles of TNF-\u03b1\u2212308 and lymphotoxin-\u03b1+250 have been associated with increased levels of TNF-\u03b1, whereas the adenine allele of TNF-\u03b1\u2212238 produces lower levels of TNF-\u03b1 after stimulation. High levels of TNF-\u03b1 may promote chronic inflammation by overwhelming counter-regulatory mechanisms and may lead to the development of BPD. Low levels of TNF-\u03b1 may decrease the risk and\/or severity of BPD.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>Objective. To determine whether alleles of TNF-\u03b1 play a role in the susceptibility and\/or severity of BPD among very low birth weight infants.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>Methods. Infants with birth weights of \u22641250 g were included. Genotypic analyses (polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism assays) were performed with DNA extracted from whole-blood samples.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>Results. Infants who developed BPD (fraction of inspired oxygen at postconceptional age of 36 weeks of &amp;gt;0.21, n = 51) had a younger gestational age (mean \u00b1 SD: 27 \u00b1 4 vs 29 \u00b1 2 weeks) and lower birth weight (853 \u00b1 184 vs 997 \u00b1 193 g) than did infants without BPD (n = 69). The genotypic distributions of lymphotoxin-\u03b1+250 and TNF-\u03b1\u2212308 were comparable among the groups of infants. However, the AA and GA TNF-\u03b1\u2212238 genotypes were much less likely to occur among infants with BPD than among infants without BPD. The adenine allele of TNF-\u03b1\u2212238 was absent among infants with severe BPD and occurred significantly less often among infants with moderate or severe BPD, compared with infants with mild BPD. The number of adenine alleles of TNF-\u03b1\u2212238 was correlated inversely with the severity of BPD (r = \u2212.341).<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>Conclusion. The adenine allele of TNF-\u03b1\u2212238 may reduce the risk and severity of BPD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.114.2.e243","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,8,14]],"date-time":"2004-08-14T00:53:04Z","timestamp":1092444784000},"page":"e243-e248","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":70,"title":["Polymorphism of Tumor Necrosis Factor-\u03b1 and Risk and Severity of Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia Among Very Low Birth Weight Infants"],"prefix":"10.1542","volume":"114","author":[{"given":"S. Nadya J.","family":"Kazzi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Hutzel Women\u2019s Hospital, Detroit, Michigan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"U. Olivia","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Hutzel Women\u2019s Hospital, Detroit, Michigan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael W.","family":"Quasney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care, Le Bonheur Children\u2019s Medical Center, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irina","family":"Buhimschi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"417","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2004,8,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021121006454595700_R1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fanaroff AA, Hack M, Walsh MC. 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