{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T07:30:26Z","timestamp":1793086226447,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Objective. Alcohol influences the intake and metabolism of several nutrients including long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs). The LC-PUFAs docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and arachidonic acid (AA) are particularly crucial for intrauterine growth and brain development. We hypothesized that alcohol consumption adversely affects LC-PUFA levels in pregnant women and their newborn infants.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>Methods. Pregnant black women (N = 208) presenting at a core city antenatal clinic were screened and recruited. Shortly before delivery, maternal plasma was collected. After delivery, umbilical arteries and veins were dissected from the cords, total lipids were extracted from the vessel tissues and maternal plasma, and fatty acid levels were assayed by gas chromatography. For statistical analysis, subjects were categorized according to absolute alcohol intake per day (AAD) and absolute alcohol intake per drinking day (AADD) around the time of conception, with smoking and other potential confounders included in the analyses.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>Results. Significant differences in fatty acid composition of total lipid extracts were detected in umbilical cord vessels among the AADD groups: abstainers (AADD = 0), moderate drinkers (AADD &amp;lt; 130 g), and heavy drinkers (AADD \u2265 130 g). DHA and AA content in the arterial umbilical vessel wall was \u223c14% and \u223c10% higher in the moderate (n = 127) and heavy (n = 32) alcohol groups, respectively, than in abstainers (n = 49). A small, nonsignificant increase (\u223c3%) was seen in the umbilical vein for AA but not for DHA. Alcohol intake was positively correlated to both DHA and AA concentrations in the arterial vessel wall but to neither in the venous wall nor maternal plasma. Maternal plasma DHA was positively correlated with both umbilical arteries and vein DHA, but there were no significant correlations for AA between maternal plasma and either umbilical vessel.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>Conclusions. Our findings indicate that alcohol intake during pregnancy is associated with altered DHA and AA status in fetal tissues. Although differences may be due to either metabolism and\/or distribution, it is most likely a result of a direct influence of alcohol on fetal metabolism.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2004-0202","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,2,1]],"date-time":"2005-02-01T18:18:55Z","timestamp":1107281935000},"page":"e194-e203","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Effects of Alcohol Intake During Pregnancy on Docosahexaenoic Acid and Arachidonic Acid in Umbilical Cord Vessels of Black Women"],"prefix":"10.1542","volume":"115","author":[{"given":"Skadi","family":"Beblo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, NIAAA, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ken D.","family":"Stark","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, NIAAA, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahadev","family":"Murthy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, NIAAA, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Janisse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helaine","family":"Rockett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janice E.","family":"Whitty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michelle","family":"Buda-Abela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan S.","family":"Martier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert J.","family":"Sokol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John H.","family":"Hannigan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine"},{"name":"Department of Psychology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"Jr","given":"Norman","family":"Salem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, NIAAA, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"417","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,2,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021120819190250500_R1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Clarren SK, Alvord EC Jr, Sumi SM, Streissguth AP, Smith DW. Brain malformations related to prenatal exposure to ethanol. J Pediatr.\u20081978;92:64\u201367","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(78)80072-9"},{"key":"2021120819190250500_R2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jones KL, Smith DW. Recognition of the fetal alcohol syndrome in early infancy. Lancet.\u20081973;2:999\u20131001","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(73)91092-1"},{"key":"2021120819190250500_R3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jones KL, Smith DW, Ulleland CN, Streissguth P. Pattern of malformation in offspring of chronic alcoholic mothers. Lancet.\u20081973;1:1267\u20131271","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(73)91291-9"},{"key":"2021120819190250500_R4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sokol RJ, Delaney-Black V, Nordstrom B. Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder. JAMA.\u20082003;290:2996\u20132999","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.290.22.2996"},{"key":"2021120819190250500_R5","unstructured":"Stratton KR, Howe CJ, Battaglia FC, eds. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome: Diagnosis, Epidemiology, Prevention, and Treatment. Washington, DC: National Academy Press; 1996:156\u2013166"},{"key":"2021120819190250500_R6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bonthius DJ, Goodlett CR, West JR. Blood alcohol concentration and severity of microencephaly in neonatal rats depend on the pattern of alcohol administration. Alcohol.\u20081988;5:209\u2013214","DOI":"10.1016\/0741-8329(88)90054-7"},{"key":"2021120819190250500_R7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pierce DR, West JR. Blood alcohol concentration: a critical factor for producing fetal alcohol effects. Alcohol.\u20081986;3:269\u2013272","DOI":"10.1016\/0741-8329(86)90036-4"},{"key":"2021120819190250500_R8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pierce DR, West JR. Alcohol-induced microencephaly during the third trimester equivalent: relationship to dose and blood alcohol concentration. Alcohol.\u20081986;3:185\u2013191","DOI":"10.1016\/0741-8329(86)90043-1"},{"key":"2021120819190250500_R9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lindsley TA, Comstock LL, Rising LJ. Morphologic and neurotoxic effects of ethanol vary with timing of exposure in vitro. Alcohol.\u20082002;28:197\u2013203","DOI":"10.1016\/S0741-8329(02)00279-3"},{"key":"2021120819190250500_R10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Michaelis EK. Fetal alcohol exposure: cellular toxicity and molecular events involved in toxicity. Alcohol Clin Exp Res.\u20081990;14:819\u2013826","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.1990.tb01821.x"},{"key":"2021120819190250500_R11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Randall CL, Ekblad U, Anton RF. Perspectives on the pathophysiology of fetal alcohol syndrome. Alcohol Clin Exp Res.\u20081990;14:807\u2013812","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.1990.tb01818.x"},{"key":"2021120819190250500_R12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schenker S, Becker HC, Randall CL, Phillips DK, Baskin GS, Henderson GI. Fetal alcohol syndrome: current status of pathogenesis. Alcohol Clin Exp Res.\u20081990;14:635\u2013647","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.1990.tb01220.x"},{"key":"2021120819190250500_R13","unstructured":"Lands WEM, Pawlosky RJ, Salem N Jr. Alcoholism, antioxidant status, and essential fatty acids. In: Papas AM, ed. Antioxidant Status, Diet, Nutrition, and Health. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; 1999:299\u2013344"},{"key":"2021120819190250500_R14","unstructured":"Harris RA, Baxter DM, Mitchell MA, Hitzemann RJ. Physical properties and lipid composition of brain membranes from ethanol tolerant-dependent mice. Mol Pharmacol.\u20081984;25:401\u2013409"},{"key":"2021120819190250500_R15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pawlosky RJ, Salem N Jr. Ethanol exposure causes a decrease in docosahexaenoic acid and an increase in docosapentaenoic acid in feline brains and retinas. Am J Clin Nutr.\u20081995;61:1284\u20131289","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/61.6.1284"},{"key":"2021120819190250500_R16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salem N Jr, Reyzer M, Karanian J. Losses of arachidonic acid in rat liver after alcohol inhalation. Lipids.\u20081996;(suppl):S153\u2013S156","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02637068"},{"key":"2021120819190250500_R17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Neuringer M, Connor WE, Lin DS, Barstad L, Luck S. Biochemical and functional effects of prenatal and postnatal omega 3 fatty acid deficiency on retina and brain in rhesus monkeys. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA.\u20081986;83:4021\u20134025","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.83.11.4021"},{"key":"2021120819190250500_R18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reisbick S, Neuringer M, Hasnain R, Connor WE. Home cage behavior of rhesus monkeys with long-term deficiency of omega-3 fatty acids. Physiol Behav.\u20081994;55:231\u2013239","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-9384(94)90128-7"},{"key":"2021120819190250500_R19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salem N Jr, Litman B, Kim HY, Gawrisch K. Mechanisms of action of docosahexaenoic acid in the nervous system. Lipids.\u20082001;36:945\u2013959","DOI":"10.1007\/s11745-001-0805-6"},{"key":"2021120819190250500_R20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Birch EE, Hoffman DR, Uauy R, Birch DG, Prestidge C. Visual acuity and the essentiality of docosahexaenoic acid and arachidonic acid in the diet of term infants. Pediatr Res.\u20081998;44:201\u2013209","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-199808000-00011"},{"key":"2021120819190250500_R21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Decsi T, Koletzko B. Role of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in early human neurodevelopment. Nutr Neurosci.\u20082000;3:293\u2013306","DOI":"10.1080\/1028415X.2000.11747327"},{"key":"2021120819190250500_R22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Neuringer M. Infant vision and retinal function in studies of dietary long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids: methods, results, and implications. Am J Clin Nutr.\u20082000;71(suppl):256S\u2013267S","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/71.1.256S"},{"key":"2021120819190250500_R23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ma X, Baraona E, Lieber CS. Alcohol consumption enhances fatty acid omega-oxidation, with a greater increase in male than in female rats. Hepatology.\u20081993;18:233\u2013241","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840180534"},{"key":"2021120819190250500_R24","unstructured":"Caetano R. Drinking and alcohol-related problems among minority women. Alcohol Health Res World.\u20081994;18:233\u2013242"},{"key":"2021120819190250500_R25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rodriguez A, Sarda P, Nessmann C, et al. Fatty acid desaturase activities and polyunsaturated fatty acid composition in human liver between the seventeenth and thirty-sixth gestational weeks. Am J Obstet Gynecol.\u20081998;179:1063\u20131070","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(98)70216-9"},{"key":"2021120819190250500_R26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salem N Jr, Wegher B, Mena P, Uauy R. Arachidonic and docosahexaenoic acids are biosynthesized from their 18-carbon precursors in human infants. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA.\u20081996;93:49\u201354","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.93.1.49"},{"key":"2021120819190250500_R27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Uauy R, Mena P. Lipids and neurodevelopement. Nutr Rev.\u20082001;59:S34\u2013S46","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1753-4887.2001.tb05500.x"},{"key":"2021120819190250500_R28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Siler-Khodr TM, Yang Y, Grayson MH, Henderson GI, Lee M, Schenker S. Effect of ethanol on thromboxane and prostacyclin production in the human placenta. Alcohol.\u20082000;21:169\u2013180","DOI":"10.1016\/S0741-8329(00)00084-7"},{"key":"2021120819190250500_R29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Holman RT, Johnson SB, Ogburn PL. Deficiency of essential fatty acids and membrane fluidity during pregnancy and lactation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA.\u20081991;88:4835\u20134839","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.88.11.4835"},{"key":"2021120819190250500_R30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haggarty P, Abramovich DR, Page K. Effect of maternal smoking and ethanol on fatty acid transport by the human placenta. Br J Nutr.\u20082002;87:247\u2013252","DOI":"10.1079\/BJN2001514"},{"key":"2021120819190250500_R31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ruyle M, Connor WE, Anderson GJ, Lowensohn RI. Placental transfer of essential fatty acids in humans: venous-arterial difference for docosahexaenoic acid in fetal umbilical erythrocytes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA.\u20081990;87:7902\u20137906","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.87.20.7902"},{"key":"2021120819190250500_R32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Russell M, Martier SS, Sokol RJ, et al. Screening for pregnancy risk-drinking. Alcohol Clin Exp Res.\u20081994;18:1156\u20131161","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.1994.tb00097.x"},{"key":"2021120819190250500_R33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Russell M, Martier SS, Sokol RJ, Mudar P, Jacobson S, Jacobson J. Detecting risk drinking during pregnancy: a comparison of four screening questionnaires. Am J Public Health.\u20081996;86:1435\u20131439","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.86.10.1435"},{"key":"2021120819190250500_R34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jacobson SW, Jacobson JL, Sokol RJ, Martier SS, Ager JW, Kaplan MG. Maternal recall of alcohol, cocaine, and marijuana use during pregnancy. Neurotoxicol Teratol.\u20081991;13:535\u2013540","DOI":"10.1016\/0892-0362(91)90062-2"},{"key":"2021120819190250500_R35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jacobson SW, Chiodo LM, Sokol RJ, Jacobson JL. Validity of maternal report of prenatal alcohol, cocaine, and smoking in relation to neurobehavioral outcome. Pediatrics.\u20082002;109:815\u2013825","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.109.5.815"},{"key":"2021120819190250500_R36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dejin-Karlsson E, Hanson BS, Ostergren PO. Psychosocial resources and persistent alcohol consumption in early pregnancy: a population study of women in their first pregnancy in Sweden. Scand J Soc Med.\u20081997;25:280\u2013288","DOI":"10.1177\/140349489702500411"},{"key":"2021120819190250500_R37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jacobson JL, Jacobson SW, Sokol RJ, Martier SS, Ager JW, Kaplan-Estrin MG. Teratogenic effects of alcohol on infant development. Alcohol Clin Exp Res.\u20081993;17:174\u2013183","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.1993.tb00744.x"},{"key":"2021120819190250500_R38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Selzer ML. Michigan alcoholism screening test: the quest for a new diagnostic instrument. Am J Psychiatry.\u20081971;127:1653\u20131658","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.127.12.1653"},{"key":"2021120819190250500_R39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sokol RJ, Martier SS, Ager JW. T-ACE questions: practical prenatal detection of risk-drinking. Am J Obstet Gynecol.\u20081989;160:863\u2013868","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(89)90302-5"},{"key":"2021120819190250500_R40","unstructured":"Hollingshead AB. Two-Factor Index of Social Position. New Haven, CT: Yale; 1957"},{"key":"2021120819190250500_R41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Willett WC, Sampson L, Stampfer MJ, et al. Reproducibility and validity of a semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire. Am J Epidemiol.\u20081985;122:51\u201365","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a114086"},{"key":"2021120819190250500_R42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Suitor CJ, Gardner J, Willett WC. Comparison of food frequency and diet recall methods in studies of nutrient intake of low-income pregnant women. J Am Diet Assoc.\u20081989;89:1786\u20131794","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-8223(21)02469-X"},{"key":"2021120819190250500_R43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Subar AF, Thompson FE, Kipnis V, et al. Comparative validation of the Block, Willett, and National Cancer Institute food frequency questionnaires: eating at America\u2019s table study. Am J Epidemiol.\u20082001;154:1089\u20131099","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/154.12.1089"},{"key":"2021120819190250500_R44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Willett W, Stampfer MJ. Total energy intake: implications for epidemiologic analyses. Am J Epidemiol.\u20081986;124:17\u201327","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a114366"},{"key":"2021120819190250500_R45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Folch J, Lees M, Sloane Stanley GHS. Simple method for the isolation and purification of total lipids from animal tissues. J Biol Chem.\u20081957;226:497\u2013509","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)64849-5"},{"key":"2021120819190250500_R46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morrison WR, Smith LM. Preparation of fatty acid methyl esters and dimethylacetals from lipids with boron fluoride-methanol. J Lipid Res.\u20081964;53:600\u2013608","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2275(20)40190-7"},{"key":"2021120819190250500_R47","unstructured":"Maier SE, West JR. Drinking patterns and alcohol-related birth defects. Alcohol Res. Health.\u20082001;25:168\u2013174"},{"key":"2021120819190250500_R48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abel EL, Sokol RJ. Fetal alcohol syndrome is now leading cause of mental retardation. Lancet.\u20081986;2:1222","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(86)92234-8"},{"key":"2021120819190250500_R49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abel EL, Sokol RJ. Revised conservative estimate of the incidence of FAS and its economic impact. Alcohol Clin Exp Res.\u20081991;15:514\u2013524","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.1991.tb00553.x"},{"key":"2021120819190250500_R50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Uauy R, Mize CE, Castillo-Duran C. Fat intake during childhood: metabolic responses and effects on growth. Am J Clin Nutr.\u20082000;72(suppl):1354S\u20131360S","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/72.5.1354s"},{"key":"2021120819190250500_R51","unstructured":"Goodlett CR, Johnson TB. Temporal windows of vulnerability within the third trimester equivalent: why \u201cknowing when\u201d matters. In: Hannigan JH, Spear LP, Spear NE, Goodlett CR, eds. Alcohol and Alcoholism: Effects on Brain and Development. Mahwah, NJ: L Erlbaum Assoc; 1999:59\u201391"},{"key":"2021120819190250500_R52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jacobson JL, Jacobson SW, Sokol RJ, Ager JW Jr. Relation of maternal age and pattern of pregnancy drinking to functionally significant cognitive deficit in infancy. Alcohol Clin Exp Res.\u20081998;22:345\u2013351","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.1998.tb03659.x"},{"key":"2021120819190250500_R53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mukamal KJ, Conigrave KM, Mittleman MA, et al. Roles of drinking pattern and type of alcohol consumed in coronary heart disease in men. N Engl J Med.\u20082003;348:109\u2013118","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa022095"},{"key":"2021120819190250500_R54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rehm J, Greenfield TK, Rogers JD. Average volume of alcohol consumption, patterns of drinking, and all-cause mortality: results from the US National Alcohol Survey. Am J Epidemiol.\u20082001;153:64\u201371","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/153.1.64"},{"key":"2021120819190250500_R55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abel EL, Hannigan JH. Maternal risk factors in fetal alcohol syndrome: provocative and permissive influences. Neurotoxicol Teratol.\u20081995;17:445\u2013462","DOI":"10.1016\/0892-0362(95)98055-6"},{"key":"2021120819190250500_R56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alling C, Gustavsson L, Kristensson-Aas A, Wallerstedt S. Changes in fatty acid composition of major glycerophospholipids in erythrocyte membranes from chronic alcoholics during withdrawal. Scand J Clin Lab Invest.\u20081984;44:283\u2013289","DOI":"10.3109\/00365518409083809"},{"key":"2021120819190250500_R57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Curstedt T. Biosynthesis of molecular species of hepatic glycerophosphatides during metabolism of [1,1\u20132H2] ethanol in rats. Biochim Biophys Acta.\u20081982;713:589\u2013601","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-2760(82)90319-8"},{"key":"2021120819190250500_R58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pawlosky RJ, Bacher J, Salem N Jr. Ethanol consumption alters electroretinograms and depletes neural tissues of docosahexaenoic acid in rhesus monkeys: nutritional consequences of a low n-3 fatty acid diet. Alcohol Clin Exp Res.\u20082001;25:1758\u20131765","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2001.tb02187.x"},{"key":"2021120819190250500_R59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pawlosky RJ, Salem N Jr. Alcohol consumption in rhesus monkeys depletes tissues of polyunsaturated fatty acids and alters essential fatty acid metabolism. Alcohol Clin Exp Res.\u20081999;23:311\u2013317","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.1999.tb04115.x"},{"key":"2021120819190250500_R60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carter EA, Barli-Kovach M, Elmaleh D, Livni E, Strauss HW. Acute alcohol ingestion reduces fatty acid extraction of the heart, liver, and small intestine. Alcohol Clin Exp Res.\u20081990;14:781\u2013784","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.1990.tb01246.x"},{"key":"2021120819190250500_R61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Denkins YM, Woods J, Whitty JE, et al. Effects of gestational alcohol exposure on the fatty acid composition of umbilical cord serum in humans. Am J Clin Nutr.\u20082000;71(suppl):300S\u2013306S","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/71.1.300s"},{"key":"2021120819190250500_R62","unstructured":"Pawlosky RJ, Gupta S, Salem N Jr. Alcohol consumption in the feline increases lipid peroxidation in the brain and stimulates polyunsaturated fatty acid metabolism. In: Riemersma RA, Armstrong RA, Kelly RW, Wilson R, eds. Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Essential Fatty Acids and Eicosanoids; July 20\u201324, 1997; Edinburgh, Scotland, UK. Champaign, IL: AOCS Press;1998:317\u2013320"},{"key":"2021120819190250500_R63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Siega-Riz AM, Bodnar LM, Savitz DA. What are pregnant women eating? Nutrient and food group differences by race. Am J Obstet Gynecol.\u20082002;186:480\u2013486","DOI":"10.1067\/mob.2002.121078"},{"key":"2021120819190250500_R64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Livingstone MB, Black AE. Markers of the validity of reported energy intake. J Nutr.\u20082003;133(suppl 3):895S\u2013920S","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/133.3.895S"},{"key":"2021120819190250500_R65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Smuts CM, Tichelaar HY, Dhansay MA, Faber M, Smith J, Kirsten GF. Smoking and alcohol use during pregnancy affects preterm infants\u2019 docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) status. Acta Paediatr.\u20081999;88:757\u2013762","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.1999.tb00038.x"}],"container-title":["Pediatrics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatrics\/article-pdf\/115\/2\/e194\/1005661\/zpe0020500e194.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatrics\/article-pdf\/115\/2\/e194\/1005661\/zpe0020500e194.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,8]],"date-time":"2021-12-08T20:10:57Z","timestamp":1638994257000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatrics\/article\/115\/2\/e194\/67378\/Effects-of-Alcohol-Intake-During-Pregnancy-on"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2005,2,1]]},"references-count":65,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,2,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,2,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.2004-0202","relation":{},"ISSN":["0031-4005","1098-4275"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0031-4005","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-4275","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2005,2,1]]}}}