{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T03:14:53Z","timestamp":1787022893404,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Context. Child maltreatment remains a significant public health and social problem in the United States. Incidence data rely on substantiated reports of maltreatment known to official social service agencies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Objective. The objective of this study was to describe the epidemiologic features of child physical and sexual abuse, on the basis of maternal self-reports.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Design, Setting, and Participants. Computer-assisted, anonymous, cross-sectional, telephone surveys (N = 1435) were conducted with mothers of children 0 to 17 years of age in North and South Carolina. Mothers were asked about potentially abusive behaviors used by either themselves or their husbands or partners in the context of other disciplinary practices. They were also asked about their knowledge of any sexual victimization their children might have experienced.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Main Outcome Measures. The incidence of physical and sexual maltreatment determined through maternal reports.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Results. Use of harsh physical discipline, equivalent to physical abuse, occurred with an incidence of 4.3%. Shaking of very young children as a means of discipline occurred among 2.6% of children &amp;lt;2 years of age. Mothers reported more frequent physical discipline of their children, including shaking, for themselves than for fathers or father figures. Nearly 11 of 1000 children were reported by their mothers as having been sexually victimized within the past year. The incidence of physical abuse determined with maternal self-reports was 40 times greater than that of official child physical abuse reports, and the sexual abuse incidence was 15 times greater. For every 1 child who sustains a serious injury as a result of shaking, an estimated 150 children may be shaken and go undetected. There was no statistically significant difference in the overall rates of physical or sexual maltreatment between the 2 states.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Conclusions. Official statistics underestimate the burden of child maltreatment. Supplemental data obtained with alternative strategies can assist policymakers and planners in addressing needs and services within communities and states. These data support the need for continued interventions to prevent maltreatment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2004-1033","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,3,1]],"date-time":"2005-03-01T14:22:35Z","timestamp":1109686955000},"page":"e331-e337","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":201,"title":["Epidemiologic Features of the Physical and Sexual Maltreatment of Children in the Carolinas"],"prefix":"10.1542","volume":"115","author":[{"given":"Adrea D.","family":"Theodore","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jen Jen","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Desmond K.","family":"Runyan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics"},{"name":"Department of Social Medicine, School of Medicine"},{"name":"Injury Prevention Research Center"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wanda M.","family":"Hunter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Social Medicine, School of Medicine"},{"name":"Injury Prevention Research Center"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shrikant I.","family":"Bangdiwala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Injury Prevention Research Center"},{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Agans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"417","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,3,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021121011182305700_R1","unstructured":"Merrick J, Browne KD. Child abuse and neglect: a public health concern. Public Health Rev.\u20081999;27:279\u2013293"},{"key":"2021121011182305700_R2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Johnson CF. Child maltreatment 2002: recognition, reporting and risk. Pediatr Int.\u20082002;44:554\u2013560","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1442-200X.2002.01642.x"},{"key":"2021121011182305700_R3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Theodore AD, Runyan DK. A medical research agenda for child maltreatment: negotiating the next steps. Pediatrics.\u20081999;104:168\u2013177","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.104.S1.168"},{"key":"2021121011182305700_R4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Whipple EE, Richey CA. Crossing the line from physical discipline to child abuse: how much is too much?Child Abuse Negl.\u20081997;21:431\u2013444","DOI":"10.1016\/S0145-2134(97)00004-5"},{"key":"2021121011182305700_R5","unstructured":"Administration for Children and Families. Child Maltreatment 2001. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office; 2003"},{"key":"2021121011182305700_R6","unstructured":"Gallup Organization. Disciplining Children in America: A Gallup Poll Report. Princeton, NJ: Gallup Organization; 1995"},{"key":"2021121011182305700_R7","unstructured":"Straus MA, Gelles R, Steinmetz S. Behind Closed Doors: Violence in the American Family. Garden City, NY: Anchor\/Doubleday; 1980"},{"key":"2021121011182305700_R8","unstructured":"American Association for Public Opinion Research. Standard Definitions: Final Dispositions of Case Codes and Outcome Rates for Surveys. Ann Arbor, MI: American Association for Public Opinion Research; 2000"},{"key":"2021121011182305700_R9","unstructured":"Statistics Netherlands. Blaise [computer program]. Version 4.6. Voorburg, Netherlands: Statistics Netherlands; 2002"},{"key":"2021121011182305700_R10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Straus MA, Hamby SL, Finkelhor D, Moore DW, Runyan D. Identification of child maltreatment with the Parent-Child Conflict Tactics Scales: development and psychometric data for a national sample of American parents. Child Abuse Negl.\u20081998;22:249\u2013270","DOI":"10.1016\/S0145-2134(97)00174-9"},{"key":"2021121011182305700_R11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Socolar RR, Winsor J, Hunter WM, Catellier D, Kotch JB. Maternal disciplinary practices in an at-risk population. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med.\u20081999;153:927\u2013934","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.153.9.927"},{"key":"2021121011182305700_R12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stein MT, Perrin EL. Guidance for effective discipline: American Academy of Pediatrics, Committee on Psychosocial Aspects of Child and Family Health. Pediatrics.\u20081998;101:723\u2013728","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.101.4.723"},{"key":"2021121011182305700_R13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lane WG, Rubin DM, Monteith R, Christian CW. Racial differences in the evaluation of pediatric fractures for physical abuse. JAMA.\u20082002;288:1603\u20131609","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.288.13.1603"},{"key":"2021121011182305700_R14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Keenan HT, Runyan DK, Marshall SW, Nocera MA, Merten DF, Sinal SH. A population-based study of inflicted traumatic brain injury in young children. JAMA.\u20082003;290:621\u2013626","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.290.5.621"},{"key":"2021121011182305700_R15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Runyan DK. Prevalence, risk, sensitivity, and specificity: a commentary on the epidemiology of child sexual abuse and the development of a research agenda. Child Abuse Negl.\u20081998;22:493\u2013502","DOI":"10.1016\/S0145-2134(98)00015-5"},{"key":"2021121011182305700_R16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Appel AE, Holden GW. The co-occurrence of spouse and physical child abuse: a review and appraisal. J Fam Psychol.\u20081998;12:578\u2013599","DOI":"10.1037\/0893-3200.12.4.578"}],"container-title":["Pediatrics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatrics\/article-pdf\/115\/3\/e331\/1020176\/zpe0030500e331.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatrics\/article-pdf\/115\/3\/e331\/1020176\/zpe0030500e331.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,10]],"date-time":"2021-12-10T19:15:05Z","timestamp":1639163705000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatrics\/article\/115\/3\/e331\/67257\/Epidemiologic-Features-of-the-Physical-and-Sexual"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2005,3,1]]},"references-count":16,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,3,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,3,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.2004-1033","relation":{},"ISSN":["0031-4005","1098-4275"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0031-4005","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-4275","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2005,3,1]]}}}