{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]],"date-time":"2026-01-20T08:14:42Z","timestamp":1768896882430,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Objective. Vernal keratoconjunctivitis (VKC) is a chronic conjunctivitis that affects children mainly in temperate areas, with exacerbations in spring and summer. Eyelashes provide natural protection for the eyes from sunshine, wind, and foreign bodies. These factors induce a worsening of signs and symptoms in VKC, whereas mechanical protection of the eyes produces relief. The aim of this study was to evaluate eyelash length in a large series of VKC patients and in age- and gender-matched healthy subjects.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Methods. Upper eyelash length was measured in 93 VKC patients (mean age: 8.7 years; range: 4\u201318 years) with a digital caliper. History, clinical form, type of presentation, degree of severity, and drug therapy were evaluated. Skin tests and serum-specific immunoglobulin E for common allergens, serum-total immunoglobulin E, peripheral blood eosinophil counts, and serum eosinophil cationic protein were determined. Two age- and gender-matched control subjects for each VKC patient underwent the same eyelash measurement.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Results. The upper eyelashes were significantly longer in VKC patients than in control subjects (mean \u00b1 SD: 8.9 \u00b1 1.17 mm vs 7.9 \u00b1 1.07 mm). In healthy subjects, a negative correlation was found between eyelash length and age. With multivariate analysis, unlike control subjects, the eyelash length in VKC patients did not correlate with age, was positively correlated with the degree of severity of VKC, and was negatively correlated with the use of topical cyclosporine.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Conclusions. Patients with VKC had longer eyelashes than healthy matched subjects. The ocular inflammation, by unknown chemical mediators, was likely responsible for the excessive eyelash growth. The finding may represent a defensive mechanism against physical agents that might have a crucial role in the etiopathogenesis of this disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2004-1555","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,26]],"date-time":"2017-01-26T18:31:21Z","timestamp":1485455481000},"page":"e86-e91","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Long Eyelashes in a Case Series of 93 Children With Vernal Keratoconjunctivitis"],"prefix":"10.1542","volume":"115","author":[{"given":"Neri","family":"Pucci","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Allergy and Clinical Immunology Unit"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elio","family":"Novembre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Allergy and Clinical Immunology Unit"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Enrico","family":"Lombardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Allergy and Clinical Immunology Unit"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cristina","family":"Massai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Allergy and Clinical Immunology Unit"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Roberto","family":"Bernardini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Allergy and Clinical Immunology Unit"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Roberto","family":"Caputo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Ophthalmology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Anna Meyer Children's Hospital, University of Florence, Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luciana","family":"Campa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Ophthalmology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Anna Meyer Children's Hospital, University of Florence, Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cinzia de","family":"Libero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Ophthalmology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Anna Meyer Children's Hospital, University of Florence, Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alberto","family":"Vierucci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Allergy and Clinical Immunology Unit"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"417","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,1,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021121011041082400_R1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Calonge M. Classification of ocular atopic\/allergic disorders and conditions: an unsolved problem. Acta Ophthalmol Scand.\u20081999;77:10\u201313","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0420.1999.tb01164.x"},{"key":"2021121011041082400_R2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Collum MT. Vernal keratoconjunctivitis. Acta Ophthalmol Scand.\u20081999;77:14\u201316","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0420.1999.tb01165.x"},{"key":"2021121011041082400_R3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bleik JH, Tabbara KF. Topical cyclosporine in vernal keratoconjunctivitis. Ophthalmology.\u20081991;98:1679\u20131684","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(91)32069-4"},{"key":"2021121011041082400_R4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bonini S, Bonini S, Lambiase A, et al. Vernal keratoconjunctivitis revisited. A case series of 195 patients with long-term followup. Ophthalmology.\u20082000;107:1157\u20131163","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(00)00092-0"},{"key":"2021121011041082400_R5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maggi E, Biswas P, Del Prete G, Parronchi P, Macchia D, Simonelli C. Accumulation of Th2-like helper T cells in the conjunctiva of patients with vernal conjunctivitis. J Immunol.\u20081991;146:1169\u20131174","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.146.4.1169"},{"key":"2021121011041082400_R6","unstructured":"Leonardi A, DeFranchis G, Zancanaro F, et al. Identification of local Th2 and Th0 lymphocytes in vernal conjunctivitis by cytokine flow cytometry. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci.\u20081999;40:3036\u20133040"},{"key":"2021121011041082400_R7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hingorani M, Calder V, Jolly G, Buckley RJ, Lightman SL. Eosinophil surface antigen expression and cytokine production vary in different ocular allergic diseases. J Allergy Clin Immunol.\u20081998;102:821\u2013830","DOI":"10.1016\/S0091-6749(98)70023-5"},{"key":"2021121011041082400_R8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leonardi A, Jose PJ, Zhan H, Calder VL. Tear and mucus eotaxin-1 and eotaxin-2 in allergic conjunctivitis. Ophthalmology.\u20082003;110:487\u2013492","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(02)01767-0"},{"key":"2021121011041082400_R9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tomassini M, Magrini L, Bonini S, Lambiase A, Bonini S. Increased serum levels of eosinophil cationic protein and eosinophil-derived neurotoxin (protein X) in vernal keratoconjunctivitis. Ophthalmology.\u20081994;101:1808\u20131811","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(94)31097-9"},{"key":"2021121011041082400_R10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leonardi A, Borghesan F, Faggian D, Depaoli M, Secchi AG, Plebani M. Tear and serum soluble leukocyte activation markers in conjunctival allergic diseases. Am J Ophthalmol.\u20082000;129:151","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(99)00295-0"},{"key":"2021121011041082400_R11","unstructured":"Leonardi A, Brun P, Tavolato M, Abatangelo G, Plebani M, Secchi A. Growth factors and collagen distribution in vernal keratoconjunctivitis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci.\u20082000;41:4175\u20134181"},{"key":"2021121011041082400_R12","unstructured":"Lambiase A, Bonini S, Micera A, et al. Increased plasma levels of substance P in vernal keratoconjunctivitis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci.\u20081997;38:2161\u20132164"},{"key":"2021121011041082400_R13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fujishima H, Takeyama M, Takeuchi T, Saito I, Tsubota K. Elevated levels of substance P in tears of patients with allergic conjunctivitis and vernal keratoconjunctivitis. Clin Exp Allergy.\u20081997;27:372\u2013378","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2222.1997.tb00721.x"},{"key":"2021121011041082400_R14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pucci N, Novembre E, Lombardi E, et al. Atopy and serum eosinophil cationic protein in 110 white children with vernal keratoconjunctivitis: differences between tarsal and limbal forms. Clin Exp Allergy.\u20082003;33:325\u2013330","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2222.2003.01538.x"},{"key":"2021121011041082400_R15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bonini S, Bonini S, Schiavone M, Centofanti M, Allansmith MR, Bucci MG. Conjunctival hyperresponsiveness to ocular histamine challenge in patients with vernal conjunctivitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol.\u20081992;89:103\u2013107","DOI":"10.1016\/S0091-6749(05)80046-6"},{"key":"2021121011041082400_R16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pucci N, Novembre E, Cianferoni A, et al. Efficacy and safety of cyclosporine eyedrops in vernal keratoconjunctivitis. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol.\u20082002;89:298\u2013303","DOI":"10.1016\/S1081-1206(10)61958-8"},{"key":"2021121011041082400_R17","unstructured":"Liotet S, Riera M, Nguyen H. Les cils. Physiologie, structure, pathologie. Arch Ophthalmol.\u20081977;37:697\u2013708"},{"key":"2021121011041082400_R18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Johansson SG, Hourihane JO, Bousquet J, et al. A revised nomenclature for allergy. An EAACI position statement from the EAACI nomenclature task force. Allergy.\u20082001;56:813\u2013824","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1398-9995.2001.t01-1-00001.x"},{"key":"2021121011041082400_R19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deplewski D, Rosenfield RL. Role of hormones in pilosebaceous unit development. Endocr Rev.\u20082000;21:363\u2013392","DOI":"10.1210\/edrv.21.4.0404"},{"key":"2021121011041082400_R20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bla\u0308uer M, Vaalasti A, Pauli SL, Ylikomi T, Joensuu T, Tuohimaa P. Location of androgen receptor in human skin. J Invest Dermatol.\u20081991;97:264\u2013268","DOI":"10.1111\/1523-1747.ep12480373"},{"key":"2021121011041082400_R21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Randall VA, Hibberts NA, Thornton MJ, et al. The hair follicle: a paradoxical androgen target organ. Horm Res.\u20082000;54:243\u2013250","DOI":"10.1159\/000053266"},{"key":"2021121011041082400_R22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Harrison DA, Mullaney PB. Familial trichomegaly. Arch Ophthalmol.\u20081997;115:1602\u20131603","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1997.01100160772024"},{"key":"2021121011041082400_R23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sampson JR, Tolmie JL, Cant JS. Oliver McFarlane syndrome: a 25-year follow-up. Am J Med Genet.\u20081989;34:199\u2013201","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.1320340213"},{"key":"2021121011041082400_R24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kaplan MH, Sadick NS, Talmor M. Acquired trichomegaly of the eyelashes: a cutaneous marker of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. J Am Acad Dermatol.\u20081991;25:801\u2013804","DOI":"10.1016\/S0190-9622(08)80972-3"},{"key":"2021121011041082400_R25","unstructured":"Baccard M, Morel P. Excessive growth of eyelashes in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Cutis.\u20081994;53:83\u201384"},{"key":"2021121011041082400_R26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Straka BF, Whitaker DL, Morrison SH, Oleske JM, Grant-Kels JM. Cutaneous manifestations of AIDS in children. J Am Acad Dermatol.\u20081988;18(suppl):1089\u20131102","DOI":"10.1016\/S0190-9622(88)70112-7"},{"key":"2021121011041082400_R27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Klutman NE, Hinthorm DR. Excessive growth of eyelashes in a patient with AIDS being treated with zidovudine. N Engl J Med.\u20081991;324:1896","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199106273242616"},{"key":"2021121011041082400_R28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sharma RC, Mahajan VK, Sharma NL, Sharma A. Trichomegaly of the eyelashes in dermatomyositis. Dermatology.\u20082002;205:305","DOI":"10.1159\/000065852"},{"key":"2021121011041082400_R29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Santiago M, Travassos AC, Rocha MC, Souza S. Hypertrichosis in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Clin Rheumatol.\u20082000;19:245\u2013246","DOI":"10.1007\/s100670050168"},{"key":"2021121011041082400_R30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Johnstone MA. Hypertrichosis and increased pigmentation of eyelashes and adjacent hair in the region of the ipsilateral eyelids of patients treated with unilateral topical latanoprost. Am J Ophthalmol.\u20081997;124:544\u2013547","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(14)70870-0"},{"key":"2021121011041082400_R31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sugimoto M, Sugimoto M, Uji Y. Quantitative analysis of eyelash lengthening following topical latanoprost therapy. Can J Ophthalmol.\u20082002;37:342\u2013345","DOI":"10.1016\/S0008-4182(02)80004-7"},{"key":"2021121011041082400_R32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fagot D, Buquet-Fagot C, Mester J. Mitogenic signaling by prostaglandins in chemically transformed mouse fibroblasts: comparison with phorbol esters and insulin. Endocrinology.\u20081993;132:1729\u20131734","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.132.4.8462473"},{"key":"2021121011041082400_R33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dikici B, Bosnak M, Dagli A, Haspolat K. Interferon alpha and hypertrichosis of eyelashes. Pediatr Infect Dis J.\u20082002;21:448\u2013449","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-200205000-00027"},{"key":"2021121011041082400_R34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Foon KA, Dougher G. Increased growth of eyelashes in a patient given leukocyte A interferon. N Engl J Med.\u20081984;311:1259","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198411083111919"},{"key":"2021121011041082400_R35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Berglund EF, Burton GV, Mills GM, Nichols GM. Hypertrichosis of the eyelashes associated with interferon-alpha therapy for chronic granulocytic leukemia. South Med J.\u20081990;83:363","DOI":"10.1097\/00007611-199003000-00035"},{"key":"2021121011041082400_R36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hernandez-Nunez A, Fernandez-Herrera J, Buceta LR, Garcia-Diez A. Trichomegaly following treatment with interferon alpha-2b. Lancet.\u20082002;359:1107","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)08153-9"},{"key":"2021121011041082400_R37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Weaver DT, Bartley GB. Cyclosporine-induced trichomegaly. Am J Ophthalmol.\u20081990;109:239","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(14)76002-7"},{"key":"2021121011041082400_R38","unstructured":"Paus R, Stenn KS, Link RE. The induction of anagen hair growth in telogen mouse skin by cyclosporin A administration. Lab Invest.\u20081989;60:365\u2013369"},{"key":"2021121011041082400_R39","unstructured":"Apaydin C, Gur B, Yakupoglu G, Raka O. Ocular and visual side effects of systemic cyclosporine. Ann Ophthalmol.\u20081992;24:465\u2013469"},{"key":"2021121011041082400_R40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dueland S, Sauer T, Lund-Johansen F, \u00d8stenstad B, Tveit KM. Epidermal growth factor receptor inhibition induces trichomegaly. Acta Oncol.\u20082003;42:345\u2013346","DOI":"10.1080\/02841860310006038"},{"key":"2021121011041082400_R41","unstructured":"Mansour AM, Bitar FF, Traboulsi EI, et al. Ocular pathology in congenital heart disease. Eye. 2004 May 7. Advance Online Publication; doi:1038\/sj.eye. 6701408"},{"key":"2021121011041082400_R42","unstructured":"Rubin PAD. Disorders of the eyelashes and eyebrows. In: Albert DM, Jakobiec FA, eds. Principles and Practice of Ophthalmology. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders; 1994:1852"},{"key":"2021121011041082400_R43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ozeki M, Tabata Y. Promoted growth of murine hair follicles through controlled release of basic fibroblast growth factor. Tissue Eng.\u20082002;8:359\u2013366","DOI":"10.1089\/107632702760184637"},{"key":"2021121011041082400_R44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peters EM, Botchkarev VA, Botchkareva NV, Tobin DJ, Paus R. Hair-cycle-associated remodeling of the peptidergic innervation of murine skin, and hair growth modulation by neuropeptides. J Invest Dermatol.\u20082001;116:236\u2013245","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1747.2001.01232.x"},{"key":"2021121011041082400_R45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee WS, Sohn IB. Substance P prolongs human hair growth in vitro. J Dermatol Sci.\u20082003;33:137\u2013138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdermsci.2003.08.003"}],"container-title":["Pediatrics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatrics\/article-pdf\/115\/1\/e86\/1003925\/zpe00105000e86.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatrics\/article-pdf\/115\/1\/e86\/1003925\/zpe00105000e86.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,21]],"date-time":"2023-08-21T23:23:43Z","timestamp":1692660223000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatrics\/article\/115\/1\/e86\/66931\/Long-Eyelashes-in-a-Case-Series-of-93-Children"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2005,1,1]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,1,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,1,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.2004-1555","relation":{},"ISSN":["0031-4005","1098-4275"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0031-4005","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-4275","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2005,1,1]]}}}