{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T11:09:14Z","timestamp":1792062554414,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Objective. To investigate the association between neonatal hyperbilirubinemia and autism spectrum disorders (ASD).<\/jats:p><jats:p>Methods. We conducted a large case-control study nested within the cohort of singleton term infants born between 1995 and 1998 at a northern California Kaiser Permanente hospital. Case subjects (n = 338) were children with an ASD diagnosis recorded in Kaiser Permanente outpatient databases; control subjects (n = 1817) were children without an ASD diagnosis, who were randomly sampled and frequency-matched to case subjects according to gender, birth year, and birth hospital.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Results. Approximately 28% of case and control subjects received \u22651 bilirubin test in the first 30 days of life. No case-control differences were observed for maximal bilirubin levels of \u226515 mg\/dL (10.1% vs 12.1%), \u226520 mg\/dL (2.1% vs 2.5%), or \u226525 mg\/dL (0.3% vs 0.2%). Compared with children whose maximal neonatal bilirubin levels were &amp;lt;15 mg\/dL or not measured, children with any degree of bilirubin level elevation were not at increased risk of ASD, after adjustment for gender, birth facility, maternal age, maternal race\/ethnicity, maternal education, and gestational age (for bilirubin levels of 15-19.9 mg\/dL: odds ratio: 0.7; 95% confidence interval: 0.5-1.2; for bilirubin levels of 20-24.9 mg\/dL: odds ratio: 0.7; 95% confidence interval: 0.3-1.6; for bilirubin levels of \u226525 mg\/dL: odds ratio: 1.1; 95% confidence interval: 0.1-11.2).<\/jats:p><jats:p>Conclusion. These data suggest that neonatal hyperbilirubinemia is not a risk factor for ASD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2004-1870","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,2,1]],"date-time":"2005-02-01T18:18:55Z","timestamp":1107281935000},"page":"e135-e138","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":68,"title":["Neonatal Hyperbilirubinemia and Risk of Autism Spectrum Disorders"],"prefix":"10.1542","volume":"115","author":[{"given":"Lisa A.","family":"Croen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Kaiser Permanente Division of Research, Oakland, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cathleen K.","family":"Yoshida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kaiser Permanente Division of Research, Oakland, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roxana","family":"Odouli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kaiser Permanente Division of Research, Oakland, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas B.","family":"Newman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Epidemiology and Biostatistics and of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"417","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,2,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021120819184972800_R1","unstructured":"Filipek PA, Accardo PJ, Baranek GT, et al. 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