{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,2]],"date-time":"2025-11-02T16:19:59Z","timestamp":1762100399942,"version":"3.40.5"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Objective. To ascertain the prevalence of infant care practices in a metropolitan community in the United States with attention to feeding routines and modifiable risk factors associated with sudden unexplained infant death (specifically, prone sleeping position, bed sharing, and maternal smoking).<\/jats:p><jats:p>Methods. We conducted an initial face-to-face meeting followed by a telephone survey of 189 women who gave birth at a level I hospital in Kentucky between October 14 and November 10, 2002, and whose infants were placed in the well-infant nursery. The survey, composed of questions pertaining to infant care practices, was addressed to the women at 1 and 6 months postpartum.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Results. A total of 185 (93.9%) women participated in the survey at 1 month, and 147 (75.1%) mothers contributed at 6 months. The racial\/ethnic composition of the study was 56.1% white, 30.2% black, and 16.4% biracial, Asian, or Hispanic. More than half of the infants (50.8%) shared the same bed with their mother at 1 month, which dramatically decreased to 17.7% at 6 months. Bed sharing was significantly more common among black families compared with white families at both 1 month (adjusted odds ratio [OR]: 5.94; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.71\u201313.02) and 6 months (adjusted OR: 5.43; 95% CI: 2.05\u201314.35). Compared with other races, white parents were more likely to place their infants on their back before sleep at both 1 and 6 months. Black parents were significantly less likely to place their infants on their back at 6 months compared with white parents (adjusted OR: 0.14; 95% CI: 0.06\u20130.33). One infant succumbed to sudden infant death syndrome at 3 months of age, and another infant died suddenly and unexpectedly at 9 months of age. Both were bed sharing specifically with 1 adult in the former and with 2 children in the latter.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Conclusions. Bed sharing and prone placement were more common among black infants. Breastfeeding was infrequent in all races. This prospective study additionally offers a unique perspective into the risk factors associated with sudden infant death syndrome and sudden unexplained infant death associated with bed sharing by examining the survey responses of 2 mothers before the death of their infants combined with a complete postmortem examination, scene analysis, and historical investigation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2004-2333","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,7,1]],"date-time":"2005-07-01T18:17:49Z","timestamp":1120241869000},"page":"e13-e20","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Risk Factors Associated With Sudden Unexplained Infant Death: A Prospective Study of Infant Care Practices in Kentucky"],"prefix":"10.1542","volume":"116","author":[{"given":"Lisa B. E.","family":"Shields","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Office of the Chief Medical Examiner, Louisville, Kentucky"},{"name":"Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Donna M.","family":"Hunsaker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Office of the Chief Medical Examiner, Louisville, Kentucky"},{"name":"Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Susan","family":"Muldoon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Clinical Investigation Sciences, School of Public Health\/Health Information Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tracey S.","family":"Corey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Office of the Chief Medical Examiner, Louisville, Kentucky"},{"name":"Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Betty S.","family":"Spivack","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Office of the Chief Medical Examiner, Louisville, Kentucky"},{"name":"Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"417","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,7,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021120905513001800_R1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guyer B, Hoyert DL, Martin JA, Ventura SJ, MacDorman MF, Strobino DM. Annual summary of vital statistics\u20131998. Pediatrics.1999;104:1229\u20131246","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.104.6.1229"},{"key":"2021120905513001800_R2","unstructured":"MacDorman MF, Atkinson JO. Infant mortality statistics from the 1997 period linked birth\/infant death data set. Natl Vital Stat Rep.1999;47(23):1\u201324"},{"key":"2021120905513001800_R3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beckwith JB. Defining the sudden infant death syndrome. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med.2003;157:286\u2013294","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.157.3.286"},{"key":"2021120905513001800_R4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Willinger M, James LS, Catz C. Defining the sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS): deliberations of an expert panel convened by the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. Pediatr Pathol.1991;11:677\u2013684","DOI":"10.3109\/15513819109065465"},{"key":"2021120905513001800_R5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Krous HF, Beckwith JB, Byard RW, et al. Sudden infant death syndrome and unclassified sudden infant deaths: a definitional and diagnostic approach. Pediatrics.2004;114:234\u2013238","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.114.1.234"},{"key":"2021120905513001800_R6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Academy of Pediatrics, Task Force on Infant Sleep Position and Sudden Infant Death Syndrome. Changing concepts of sudden infant death syndrome: implication for infant sleeping environment and sleep position. Pediatrics.2000;105:650\u2013656","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.105.3.650"},{"key":"2021120905513001800_R7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hoffman HJ, Damus K, Hillman L, Krongrad E. Risk Factors for SIDS. Results of the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development SIDS Cooperative Epidemiological Study. Ann N Y Acad Sci.1988;533:13\u201330","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1988.tb37230.x"},{"key":"2021120905513001800_R8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hoffman HJ, Hillman LS. Epidemiology of the sudden infant death syndrome: maternal, neonatal, and postneonatal risk factors. Clin Perinatol.1992;19:717\u2013737","DOI":"10.1016\/S0095-5108(18)30427-5"},{"key":"2021120905513001800_R9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peterson DR. Evolution of the epidemiology of sudden infant death syndrome. Epidemiol Rev.1980;2:97\u2013112","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.epirev.a036228"},{"key":"2021120905513001800_R10","unstructured":"Byard RW, Krous HF. Sudden Infant Death Syndrome: Problems, Progress and Possibilities. London, United Kingdom: Arnold;2001"},{"key":"2021120905513001800_R11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Filiano JJ, Kinney HC. A perspective on neuropathologic findings in victims of the sudden infant death syndrome. Biol Neonate.1994;65:194\u2013197","DOI":"10.1159\/000244052"},{"key":"2021120905513001800_R12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sparks DL, Hunsaker JC III. Neuropathology of sudden infant death (syndrome): literature review and evidence of a probable apoptotic degenerative cause. Childs Nerv Syst.2002;18:568\u2013592","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-002-0629-5"},{"key":"2021120905513001800_R13","unstructured":"Guidelines for death scene investigation of sudden, unexplained infant deaths: Recommendations of the interagency panel on sudden infant death syndrome. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep.1996;45(RR-10):1\u201315"},{"key":"2021120905513001800_R14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Academy of Pediatrics, Task Force on Infant Positioning and SIDS. Positioning and SIDS [published correction appears in Pediatrics. 1992;90:264]. Pediatrics.1992;89:1120\u20131126","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.89.6.1120"},{"key":"2021120905513001800_R15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Academy of Pediatrics, Task Force on Infant Positioning and SIDS. Positioning and sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS): update. Pediatrics.1996;98:1216\u20131218","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.98.6.1216"},{"key":"2021120905513001800_R16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hauck FR, Herman SM, Donovan M, et al. Sleep environment and the risk of sudden infant death syndrome in an urban population: the Chicago Infant Mortality Study. Pediatrics.2003;111:1207\u20131214","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.111.S1.1207"},{"key":"2021120905513001800_R17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carpenter RG, Irgens LM, Blair PS, et al. Sudden unexplained infant death in 20 regions in Europe: case control study. Lancet.2004:185\u2013191","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)15323-8"},{"key":"2021120905513001800_R18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Willinger M, Hoffman HJ, Hartford RB. Infant sleep position and risk for sudden infant death syndrome: report of meeting held January 13 and 14, 1994, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD. Pediatrics.1994;93:814\u2013819","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.93.5.814"},{"key":"2021120905513001800_R19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Willinger M, Hoffman HJ, Wu K-T, et al. Factors associated with the transition to nonprone sleep positions of infants in the United States: the National Infant Sleep Position Study. JAMA.1998;280:329\u2013335","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.280.4.329"},{"key":"2021120905513001800_R20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Willinger M, Ko CW, Hoffman HJ, Kessler RC, Corwin MJ. Factors associated with caregivers' choice of infant sleep position, 1994\u20131998: the National Infant Sleep Position Study. JAMA.2000;283:2135\u20132142","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.283.16.2135"},{"key":"2021120905513001800_R21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Willinger M, Ko CW, Hoffman HJ, Kessler RC, Corwin MJ; National Infant Sleep Position Study. Trends in infant bed sharing in the United States, 1993\u20132000: the National Infant Sleep Position Study. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med.2003;157:43\u201349","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.157.1.43"},{"key":"2021120905513001800_R22","unstructured":"Frankenburg WK, Dodds JB, Fandal AW. Denver Developmental Screening Test: Manual. Denver, CO: University of Colorado Medical Center;1970:15\u201317"},{"key":"2021120905513001800_R23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lindgren C, Thompson JM, Haggblom L, Milerad J. Sleeping position, breastfeeding, bedsharing and passive smoking in 3-month-old Swedish infants. Acta Paediatr.1998;87:1028\u20131032","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.1998.tb01408.x"},{"key":"2021120905513001800_R24","unstructured":"Ford PK, Schluter PJ, Cowan S. Changes to infant sleep practices in Canterbury. N Z Med J.2000;113:8\u201310"},{"key":"2021120905513001800_R25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Academy of Pediatrics, Task Force on Infant Positioning and SIDS. Does bed sharing affect the risk of SIDS?Pediatrics.1997;100:272","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.100.2.272"},{"key":"2021120905513001800_R26","unstructured":"McKenna JJ. Babies need their mothers beside them!World Health.1996;49. Available at: www.naturalchild.com\/james_mckenna\/babies_need.html. Accessed April 12, 2005"},{"key":"2021120905513001800_R27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McKenna JJ, Mosko SS, Richard CA. Bedsharing promotes breastfeeding. Pediatrics.1997;100:214\u2013219","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.100.2.214"},{"key":"2021120905513001800_R28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brenner RA, Simons-Morton BG, Bhaskar B, Revenis M, Das A, Clemens JD. Infant-parent bed sharing in an inner-city population. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med.2003;157:33\u201339","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.157.1.33"},{"key":"2021120905513001800_R29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Byard RW. Hazardous infant and early childhood sleeping environments and death scene examination. J Clin Forensic Med.1996;3:115\u2013122","DOI":"10.1016\/S1353-1131(96)90000-0"},{"key":"2021120905513001800_R30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Collins KA. Death by overlaying and wedging: a 15-year retrospective study. Am J Forensic Med Pathol.2001;22:155\u2013159","DOI":"10.1097\/00000433-200106000-00008"},{"key":"2021120905513001800_R31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kemp JS, Unger B, Wilkins D, et al. Unsafe sleep practices and an analysis of bedsharing among infants dying suddenly and unexpectedly: results of a four-year, population-based, death-scene investigation study of sudden infant death syndrome and related deaths. Pediatrics.2000;106(3). Available at: www.pediatrics.org\/cgi\/content\/full\/106\/3\/e41","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.106.3.e41"},{"key":"2021120905513001800_R32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nakamura S, Wind M, Danello MA. Review of hazards associated with children placed in adult beds. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med.1999;153:1019\u20131023","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.153.10.1019"},{"key":"2021120905513001800_R33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Scheers NJ, Rutherford GW, Kemp JS. Where should infants sleep? A comparison of risk for suffocation of infants sleeping in cribs, adult beds, and other sleeping locations. Pediatrics.2003;112:883\u2013889","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.112.4.883"},{"key":"2021120905513001800_R34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Knight LD, Hunsaker DM, Corey TS. Cosleeping and sudden unexpected infant deaths in Kentucky: a 10-year retrospective case review. Am J Forensic Med Pathol.2005;26:28\u201332","DOI":"10.1097\/01.paf.0000153996.21494.0f"},{"key":"2021120905513001800_R35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fleming PJ, Blair PS, Bacon C, et al. Environment of infants during sleep and risk of the sudden infant death syndrome: results of 1993\u20135 case-control study for confidential inquiry into stillbirths and deaths in infancy. Confidential Enquiry into Stillbirths and Deaths Regional Coordinators and Researchers. BMJ.1996;313:191\u2013195","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.313.7051.191"},{"key":"2021120905513001800_R36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Klonoff-Cohen H, Edelstein SL, Lefkowitz ES. The effect of passive smoking and tobacco exposure through breast milk on sudden infant death syndrome. JAMA.1995;273:795\u2013798","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.273.10.795"},{"key":"2021120905513001800_R37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schoendorf KC, Kiely JL. Relationship of sudden infant death syndrome to maternal smoking during and after pregnancy. Pediatrics.1992;90:905\u2013908","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.90.6.905"},{"key":"2021120905513001800_R38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Scragg RKR, Mitchell EA. Side sleeping position and bedsharing in the sudden infant death syndrome. Ann Med.1998;30:345\u2013349","DOI":"10.3109\/07853899809029933"}],"container-title":["Pediatrics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatrics\/article-pdf\/116\/1\/e13\/1033664\/zpe00705000e13.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatrics\/article-pdf\/116\/1\/e13\/1033664\/zpe00705000e13.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,3]],"date-time":"2023-05-03T16:57:34Z","timestamp":1683133054000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatrics\/article\/116\/1\/e13\/72885\/Risk-Factors-Associated-With-Sudden-Unexplained"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2005,7,1]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,7,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,7,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.2004-2333","relation":{},"ISSN":["0031-4005","1098-4275"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0031-4005"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1098-4275"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2005,7,1]]}}}