{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T02:02:17Z","timestamp":1768269737060,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Background. The metabolic syndrome, associated with increased risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease, begins to develop during adolescence.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>Objective. We sought to identify early predictors of the presence of the syndrome at the ages of 18 and 19 years in black and white girls.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>Methods. Using longitudinal data on participants from 2 centers in the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Growth and Health Study, a 10-year cohort study, we applied cutoffs from the Adult Treatment Panel III to document changes in the prevalence of abnormal syndrome elements and the syndrome in girls aged 9 and 10 years, when cases were rare, and those aged 18 and 19 years, when prevalence had reached 3%. Longitudinal regression models identified early predictors for the presence of the syndrome.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>Results. Only 1 girl of each race had \u22653 factors at ages 9 and 10 (0.2%), but 20 black girls (3.5%) and 12 white girls (2.3%) had the syndrome 10 years later. Low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol was prevalent throughout the period in both black and white girls. The prevalence of other variables was low at enrollment but increased during follow-up, except for abnormal triglyceride levels in black girls, which remained low throughout follow-up. In multivariate models, early measures of waist circumference and triglyceride level were significant predictors for development of the syndrome.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>Conclusion. The strong association of central adiposity with the development of the metabolic syndrome suggests that early interventions aimed at managing preteen obesity could reduce risk of developing the syndrome.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2004-2358","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,11,1]],"date-time":"2005-11-01T18:08:50Z","timestamp":1130868530000},"page":"1178-1182","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":65,"title":["Development of the Metabolic Syndrome in Black and White Adolescent Girls: A Longitudinal Assessment"],"prefix":"10.1542","volume":"116","author":[{"given":"John A.","family":"Morrison","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati Medical Center and the Divisions of Cardiology"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lisa Aronson","family":"Friedman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Maryland Medical Research Institute, Baltimore, Maryland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"William R.","family":"Harlan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Mental Health"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Linda C.","family":"Harlan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bruce A.","family":"Barton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Maryland Medical Research Institute, Baltimore, Maryland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"George B.","family":"Schreiber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Westat, Rockville, Maryland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David J.","family":"Klein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrinology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"417","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,11,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021120819465665400_R1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Isomaa B, Almgren P, Tuomi T, et al. Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality associated with the metabolic syndrome. Diabetes Care.\u20082001;24:683\u2013689","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.24.4.683"},{"key":"2021120819465665400_R2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Cholesterol in Adults. Executive Summary of the Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). JAMA.\u20082001;285:2486\u20132497","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.285.19.2486"},{"key":"2021120819465665400_R3","unstructured":"US Department of Health and Human Services. The Lipid Research Clinics Population Studies Data Book. Vol I: The Prevalence Study. Bethesda, MD: US Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service: 1980. National Institutes of Health publication 80\u20131527"},{"key":"2021120819465665400_R4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ford ES, Giles WH, Dietz WH. Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome among US adults: findings from the Third National Health Examination Survey. JAMA.\u20082002;287:356\u2013359","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.287.3.356"},{"key":"2021120819465665400_R5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haffner SM, Valdez RA, Hazuda HP, Mitchell BD, Morales PA, Stern MP. Prospective analysis of the incidence of the insulin-resistance syndrome (syndrome X). Diabetes.\u20081992;41:715\u2013722","DOI":"10.2337\/diab.41.6.715"},{"key":"2021120819465665400_R6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liese AD, Mayer-Davis EJ, Tyroler HA, et al. Development of the multiple metabolic syndrome in the ARIC cohort: joint contribution of insulin, BMI, and WHR: atherosclerosis risk in communities. Ann Epidemiol.\u20081997;7:407\u2013416","DOI":"10.1016\/S1047-2797(97)00047-1"},{"key":"2021120819465665400_R7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schmidt MI, Duncan BB, Watson RL, Sharrett AR, Brancati FL, Heiss G. A metabolic syndrome in whites and African Americans: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study. Diabetes Care.\u20081996;19:414\u2013418","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.19.5.414"},{"key":"2021120819465665400_R8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cook S, Weitzman M, Auinger P, Nguyen M, Dietz WH. Prevalence of metabolic syndrome phenotype in adolescents: findings from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988\u20131994. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med.\u20082003;157:821\u2013827","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.157.8.821"},{"key":"2021120819465665400_R9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kissebah AH, Vydelingum N, Murray R, et al. Relation of body fat distribution to metabolic complications of obesity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab.\u20081982;54:254\u2013260","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-54-2-254"},{"key":"2021120819465665400_R10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Srinivasan SR, Myers L, Berenson GS. Predictibility of childhood adiposity and insulin for developing insulin resistance syndrome (syndrome X) in young adulthood: the Bogalusa Heart Study. Diabetes.\u20082002;51:204\u2013209","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.51.1.204"},{"key":"2021120819465665400_R11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pinhas-Hamiel O, Dolan LM, Daniels SR, Standiford D, Khoury PR, Zeitler P. Increased incidence of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus among adolescents. J Pediatr.\u20081996;128:608\u2013615","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(96)80124-7"},{"key":"2021120819465665400_R12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"The NHLBI Growth and Health Study Research Group. Obesity and cardiovascular disease risk factors in 9-and 10-year-old black and white girls: the NHLBI Growth and Health Study. Am J Public Health.\u20081992;82:1613\u20131620","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.82.12.1613"},{"key":"2021120819465665400_R13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Matthews DR, Hosker JP, Rudenski AS, Naylor BA, Treacher DF, Turner RC. Homeostasis model assessment: insulin resistance and beta-cell function from fasting plasma glucose and insulin concentrations in man. Diabetologia.\u20081985;28:412\u2013419","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00280883"},{"key":"2021120819465665400_R14","unstructured":"SAS Institute. SAS\/STAT User's Guide. Version 8. Cary, NC: SAS Institute, Inc; 1999"},{"key":"2021120819465665400_R15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Klein DJ, Aronson Friedman L, Harlan WR, et al. Obesity and the development of insulin resistance and impaired fasting glucose in black and white adolescent girls: a longitudinal study. Diabetes Care.\u20082004;27:378\u2013383","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.27.2.378"},{"key":"2021120819465665400_R16","unstructured":"Kuczmarski RJ, Ogden CL, Guo SS, et al. 2000 CDC growth charts for the United States: methods and development. National Center for Healh Statistics. Vital Health Stat 11.\u20082002;(246):1\u2013190"},{"key":"2021120819465665400_R17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moran A, Jacobs DR Jr, Steinberger J, et al. Insulin resistance during puberty: results from clamp studies in 357 children. Diabetes.\u20081999;48:2039\u20132044","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.48.10.2039"},{"key":"2021120819465665400_R18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morrison JA, McMahon RP, Sprecher DL, Simon JA. Obesity and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in black and white 9- and 10-year-old girls: the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Growth and Health Study. Metabolism.\u20081996;45:469\u2013475","DOI":"10.1016\/S0026-0495(96)90221-8"},{"key":"2021120819465665400_R19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morrison JA, Barton BA, Obarzanek E, et al. Racial differences in sums of skinfolds and percent body fat estimated from impedance in black and white girls, 9\u201319 years of age: the NHLBI Growth and Health Study [published correction appears in Obes Res. 2001;9:510]. Obes Res.\u20082001;9:297\u2013305","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2001.37"},{"key":"2021120819465665400_R20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vega GL, Clark LT, Tang A, Marcovina S, Grundy SM, Cohen JC. Hepatic lipase is lower in African American men than in white American men: effects of 5\u2032 flanking polymorphism in the hepatic lipase gene (LIPC). J Lipid Res.\u20081998;39:228\u2013232","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2275(20)34218-8"},{"key":"2021120819465665400_R21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hartz AJ, Rupley DC, Rimm AA. The association of girth measurements with disease in 32,856 women. Am J Epidemiol.\u20081984;119:71\u201380","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a113727"},{"key":"2021120819465665400_R22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stevens J, Keil JE, Rust PF, Tyroler HA, Davis CE, Gazes PC. Body mass index and body girths as predictors of mortality in black and white women. Arch Intern Med.\u20081992;152:1257\u20131262","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.152.6.1257"},{"key":"2021120819465665400_R23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bjorntorp P. Body fat distribution, insulin resistance, and metabolic diseases. Nutrition.\u20081997;13:795\u2013803","DOI":"10.1016\/S0899-9007(97)00191-3"}],"container-title":["Pediatrics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatrics\/article-pdf\/116\/5\/1178\/1025057\/zpe01105001178.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatrics\/article-pdf\/116\/5\/1178\/1025057\/zpe01105001178.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,8]],"date-time":"2021-12-08T22:41:06Z","timestamp":1639003266000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatrics\/article\/116\/5\/1178\/68018\/Development-of-the-Metabolic-Syndrome-in-Black-and"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2005,11,1]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,11,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,11,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.2004-2358","relation":{},"ISSN":["0031-4005","1098-4275"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0031-4005","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-4275","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2005,11,1]]}}}