{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,10]],"date-time":"2026-01-10T07:38:16Z","timestamp":1768030696274,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Background. Insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) is a hormone that mediates the effects of growth hormone and plays a critical role in somatic growth regulation and organ development. It is hypothesized that it also plays a key role in human brain development. Previous studies have investigated the association of low IGF-I levels attributable to growth hormone receptor deficiency with intelligence but produced mixed results. We are aware of no studies that investigated the association of IGF-I levels with IQ in population samples of normal children.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Objectives. To investigate the association of circulating levels of IGF-I and its principle binding protein, IGF-binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3), in childhood with subsequent measures of IQ.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Methods. The cohort study was based on data for 547 white singleton boys and girls, members of the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children, with IGF-I and IGFBP-3 measurements (obtained at a mean age of 8.0 years) and IQ measured with the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (at a mean age of 8.7 years). We also investigated associations with measures of speech and language based on the Wechsler Objective Reading Dimensions test (measured at an age of 7.5 years) and the Wechsler Objective Language Dimensions test (listening comprehension subtest only, measured at an age of 8.7 years). For some children (n = 407), IGF-I (but not IGFBP-3) levels had been measured at \u223c5 years of age in a previous study. Linear regression models were used to investigate associations of the IGF-I system with the measures of cognitive function.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Results. Three hundred one boys and 246 girls were included in the sample. IGF-I levels (mean \u00b1 SD) were 142.6 \u00b1 53.9 ng\/mL for boys and 154.4 \u00b1 51.6 ng\/mL for girls. IQ scores (mean \u00b1 SD) were 106.05 \u00b1 16.6 and 105.27 \u00b1 15.6 for boys and girls, respectively. IGF-I levels were associated positively with intelligence. For every 100 ng\/mL increase in IGF-I, IQ increased by 3.18 points (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.52 to 5.84 points). These positive associations were seen in relation to the verbal component (coefficient: 4.27; 95% CI: 1.62 to 6.92), rather than the performance component (coefficient: 1.06; 95% CI: \u22121.67 to 3.78), of IQ. There was no evidence that associations with overall IQ differed between boys and girls. In a data set with complete information on confounders (n = 484), controlling for birth weight (adjusted for gestation), breastfeeding, and BMI slightly strengthened the associations of IGF-I levels with IQ. Additionally controlling for maternal education and IGFBP-3 levels attenuated the associations (change in IQ for every 100 ng\/mL increase in IGF-I levels: 2.51 points; 95% CI: \u22120.42 to 5.44 points). The weakening of associations in models controlling for markers of parental socioeconomic position and education could reflect shared influences of parental IGF levels on parents' own educational attainment and their offspring's IGF-I levels. In unadjusted models examining associations of Wechsler Objective Reading Dimensions and Wechsler Objective Language Dimensions test scores with IGF-I levels, there was no strong evidence that performance on either of these tests was associated with circulating IGF-I levels, although positive associations were seen with both measures. Associations between IGF-I levels measured at age 5 and Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children scores (n = 407) were similar to those for IGF-I levels measured at age 7 to 8. For every 100 ng\/mL increase in IGF-I levels at 5 years of age, IQ increased by 2.3 points (95% CI: \u22120.21 to 4.89 points).<\/jats:p><jats:p>Conclusions. This study provides some preliminary evidence that IGF-I is associated with brain development in childhood. Additional longitudinal research is required to clarify the role of IGF-I in neurodevelopment. Because IGF-I levels are modifiable through diet and other environmental exposures, this may be one pathway through which the childhood environment may influence neurodevelopment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2004-2390","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,11,1]],"date-time":"2005-11-01T18:08:50Z","timestamp":1130868530000},"page":"e681-e686","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":80,"title":["Association of Insulin-like Growth Factor I and Insulin-like Growth Factor\u2013Binding Protein-3 With Intelligence Quotient Among 8- to 9-Year-Old Children in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children"],"prefix":"10.1542","volume":"116","author":[{"given":"David","family":"Gunnell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Social Medicine"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Laura L.","family":"Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology, Department of Community-Based Medicine"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Imogen","family":"Rogers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology, Department of Community-Based Medicine"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jeff M. P.","family":"Holly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Surgery, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"name":"and the ALSPAC Study Team","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"417","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,11,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021120819471264300_R1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shenkin SD, Starr JM, Pattie A, Rush MA, Whalley LJ, Deary IJ. Birth weight and cognitive function at age 11 years: the Scottish Mental Survey 1932. Arch Dis Child.\u20082001;85:189\u2013197","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.85.3.189"},{"key":"2021120819471264300_R2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Richards M, Hardy R, Kuh D, Wadsworth ME. Birth weight and cognitive function in the British 1946 birth cohort: longitudinal population-based study. 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